Antimicrobial Resistance: Epidemiology, Drivers, Dynamics, and Control

A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382). This special issue belongs to the section "Mechanism and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 18525

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
Interests: antibiotic resistance; clinical microbiology; infection; hospital epidemiology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacterial pathogens is a worldwide challenge associated with high morbidity and mortality. In a global report on surveillance in AMR, The World Health Organization (WHO) declared that AMR in a wide range of infectious agents has become a serious public health problem and a post-antibiotic era is a real possibility in the 21st century. Although there are significant gaps in surveillance and a lack of standards for methodologies in many countries worldwide, the WHO reported very high rates of resistance both for health-care associated (HCA) and community-acquired (CA) infections. Fighting this threat is a public health priority that requires a collaborative global approach across sectors.

These resistant bacteria may infect humans and animals, and the infections they cause are harder to treat and are associated with higher medical costs, prolonged hospital stays, and increased morbidity, mortality and lethality.

Society urgently needs to change the way it uses antibiotics. Even if new medicines are developed, without a change in behaviour AMR will remain a major threat. Behavioural changes must also include common actions in our everyday lives (such as hand washing and proper food hygiene).

AMR is rising to dangerously high levels in all parts of the world. New resistance mechanisms are emerging and spreading globally, threatening our ability to treat common infectious diseases and a lot of infections are becoming more difficult to treat as antibiotics become less effective.

The main reasons for the increasing incidence of AMR is the unnecessary use of antibiotics for the treatment of viral infections and the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, as well as poor infection prevention and control. Steps can be taken at all levels of society to reduce this threat.

Without urgent action, we are heading for a post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries can once again kill.

Prof. Dr. Ondřej Holý
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • antimicrobial resistance
  • infectious diseases
  • public health
  • infection control
  • prevention

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Review

18 pages, 840 KiB  
Review
Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Drivers—A Review
by Mohammad Irfan, Alhomidi Almotiri and Zeyad Abdullah AlZeyadi
Antibiotics 2022, 11(10), 1362; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11101362 - 5 Oct 2022
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 7813
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical issue in health care in terms of mortality, quality of services, and financial damage. In the battle against AMR, it is crucial to recognize the impacts of all four domains, namely, mankind, livestock, agriculture, and the ecosystem. [...] Read more.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical issue in health care in terms of mortality, quality of services, and financial damage. In the battle against AMR, it is crucial to recognize the impacts of all four domains, namely, mankind, livestock, agriculture, and the ecosystem. Many sociocultural and financial practices that are widespread in the world have made resistance management extremely complicated. Several pathways, including hospital effluent, agricultural waste, and wastewater treatment facilities, have been identified as potential routes for the spread of resistant bacteria and their resistance genes in soil and surrounding ecosystems. The overuse of uncontrolled antibiotics and improper treatment and recycled wastewater are among the contributors to AMR. Health-care organizations have begun to address AMR, although they are currently in the early stages. In this review, we provide a brief overview of AMR development processes, the worldwide burden and drivers of AMR, current knowledge gaps, monitoring methodologies, and global mitigation measures in the development and spread of AMR in the environment. Full article
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14 pages, 1229 KiB  
Review
Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Spread Is a Global Threat
by Mohammed M. Aljeldah
Antibiotics 2022, 11(8), 1082; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11081082 - 9 Aug 2022
Cited by 82 | Viewed by 10031
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a challenge to human wellbeing the world over and is one of the more serious public health concerns. AMR has the potential to emerge as a serious healthcare threat if left unchecked, and could put into motion another pandemic. [...] Read more.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a challenge to human wellbeing the world over and is one of the more serious public health concerns. AMR has the potential to emerge as a serious healthcare threat if left unchecked, and could put into motion another pandemic. This establishes the need for the establishment of global health solutions around AMR, taking into account microdata from different parts of the world. The positive influences in this regard could be establishing conducive social norms, charting individual and group behavior practices that favor global human health, and lastly, increasing collective awareness around the need for such action. Apart from being an emerging threat in the clinical space, AMR also increases treatment complexity, posing a real challenge to the existing guidelines around the management of antibiotic resistance. The attribute of resistance development has been linked to many genetic elements, some of which have complex transmission pathways between microbes. Beyond this, new mechanisms underlying the development of AMR are being discovered, making this field an important aspect of medical microbiology. Apart from the genetic aspects of AMR, other practices, including misdiagnosis, exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics, and lack of rapid diagnosis, add to the creation of resistance. However, upgrades and innovations in DNA sequencing technologies with bioinformatics have revolutionized the diagnostic industry, aiding the real-time detection of causes of AMR and its elements, which are important to delineating control and prevention approaches to fight the threat. Full article
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