Antimicrobial Strategies to Limit Infection and Inflammation of Mucosal Surfaces

A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2024) | Viewed by 4137

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Interests: development of antimicrobial surfaces; new antimicrobials; bacterial resistance mechanisms; new treatments for infections
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Optometry and Vision Science Research Group, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
Interests: ocular surface infection; ocular microbiology; contact lenses; novel antimicrobial agents; keratitis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Interests: contact lenses; ocular surface; dry eye; ocular microbiology; corneal infection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The mucosal surfaces of the body contain a diverse range of microbes which help to form a protective microbiome. This microbiome can be disrupted by the use of antibiotics, among other factors. This disruption can lead to overgrowth of the mucosal surface by potential pathogens and the development of inflammation and infection. These potential pathogens can also be resistant to antibiotics, and so their elimination and re-establishment of the normal microbiome can be difficult. Additionally, if the mucosal surfaces are damaged, this can present new surfaces for potential pathogens to colonize, even without any disruption to the normal microbiome. The use of medical devices such as contact lenses, hearing aids, catheters and sanitary devices may also present new surfaces that can be colonized by potential pathogens.

This Special Issue seeks papers on the non-gastrointestinal-tract mucosal surfaces of humans—that is the eyes, ears, respiratory tract and urogenital systems. Papers on the normal microbiome of these mucosal surfaces and the consequences of antimicrobials (antibiotics, disinfectants, phages etc.) and medical devices on the normal microbiome of these mucosal surfaces are welcome. We also encourage the submission of papers describing the development of new therapeutics to prevent or treat diseases of these systems, as well as clinical trials, observational studies, case series reports, laboratory studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses that provide new insights into these systems. Data on the effects of antimicrobial resistance on clinical outcomes are also encouraged

Prof. Dr. Mark Willcox
Dr. Debarun Dutta
Prof. Dr. Fiona Stapleton
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • mucosal infection
  • medical device
  • antimicrobial resistance
  • microbiome
  • antimicrobial therapy
  • eye
  • ear
  • nose
  • genital tract

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 1536 KiB  
Article
Mobile Colistin-Resistant Genes mcr-1, mcr-2, and mcr-3 Identified in Diarrheal Pathogens among Infants, Children, and Adults in Bangladesh: Implications for the Future
by Shafiuzzaman Sarker, Reeashat Muhit Neeloy, Marnusa Binte Habib, Umme Laila Urmi, Mamun Al Asad, Abu Syed Md. Mosaddek, Mohammad Rabiul Karim Khan, Shamsun Nahar, Brian Godman and Salequl Islam
Antibiotics 2024, 13(6), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13060534 - 7 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1066
Abstract
Colistin is a last-resort antimicrobial for treating multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Phenotypic colistin resistance is highly associated with plasmid-mediated mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes. mcr-bearing Enterobacteriaceae have been detected in many countries, with the emergence of colistin-resistant pathogens a global concern. [...] Read more.
Colistin is a last-resort antimicrobial for treating multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Phenotypic colistin resistance is highly associated with plasmid-mediated mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes. mcr-bearing Enterobacteriaceae have been detected in many countries, with the emergence of colistin-resistant pathogens a global concern. This study assessed the distribution of mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, and mcr-5 genes with phenotypic colistin resistance in isolates from diarrheal infants and children in Bangladesh. Bacteria were identified using the API-20E biochemical panel and 16s rDNA gene sequencing. Polymerase chain reactions detected mcr gene variants in the isolates. Their susceptibilities to colistin were determined by agar dilution and E-test by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) measurements. Over 31.6% (71/225) of isolates showed colistin resistance according to agar dilution assessment (MIC > 2 μg/mL). Overall, 15.5% of isolates carried mcr genes (7, mcr-1; 17, mcr-2; 13, and mcr-3, with co-occurrence occurring in two isolates). Clinical breakout MIC values (≥4 μg/mL) were associated with 91.3% of mcr-positive isolates. The mcr-positive pathogens included twenty Escherichia spp., five Shigella flexneri, five Citrobacter spp., two Klebsiella pneumoniae, and three Pseudomonas parafulva. The mcr-genes appeared to be significantly associated with phenotypic colistin resistance phenomena (p = 0.000), with 100% colistin-resistant isolates showing MDR phenomena. The age and sex of patients showed no significant association with detected mcr variants. Overall, mcr-associated colistin-resistant bacteria have emerged in Bangladesh, which warrants further research to determine their spread and instigate activities to reduce resistance. Full article
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21 pages, 4882 KiB  
Review
A Review of Resistance to Polymyxins and Evolving Mobile Colistin Resistance Gene (mcr) among Pathogens of Clinical Significance
by Shakeel Shahzad, Mark D. P. Willcox and Binod Rayamajhee
Antibiotics 2023, 12(11), 1597; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12111597 - 6 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2324
Abstract
The global rise in antibiotic resistance in bacteria poses a major challenge in treating infectious diseases. Polymyxins (e.g., polymyxin B and colistin) are last-resort antibiotics against resistant Gram-negative bacteria, but the effectiveness of polymyxins is decreasing due to widespread resistance among clinical isolates. [...] Read more.
The global rise in antibiotic resistance in bacteria poses a major challenge in treating infectious diseases. Polymyxins (e.g., polymyxin B and colistin) are last-resort antibiotics against resistant Gram-negative bacteria, but the effectiveness of polymyxins is decreasing due to widespread resistance among clinical isolates. The aim of this literature review was to decipher the evolving mechanisms of resistance to polymyxins among pathogens of clinical significance. We deciphered the molecular determinants of polymyxin resistance, including distinct intrinsic molecular pathways of resistance as well as evolutionary characteristics of mobile colistin resistance. Among clinical isolates, Acinetobacter stains represent a diversified evolution of resistance, with distinct molecular mechanisms of intrinsic resistance including naxD, lpxACD, and stkR gene deletion. On the other hand, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are usually resistant via the PhoP-PhoQ and PmrA-PmrB pathways. Molecular evolutionary analysis of mcr genes was undertaken to show relative relatedness across the ten main lineages. Understanding the molecular determinants of resistance to polymyxins may help develop suitable and effective methods for detecting polymyxin resistance determinants and the development of novel antimicrobial molecules. Full article
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