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Advanced Structural Health Monitoring: From Theory to Applications II
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Advanced Structural Health Monitoring: From Theory to Applications II

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Civil Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 October 2023) | Viewed by 32990

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Hugo Rodrigues

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Civil Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
Interests: earthquake engineering; structural analysis; seismic analysis of RC buildings; structural repair and maintenance of buildings; structural health monitoring; structural testing and modelling; all aimin
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Ivan Duvnjak

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: assessment of structures; SHM; damage detection; theory of elasticity; static and dynamic testings of structures
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

After the first Special Issue, “Advanced Structural Health Monitoring: From Theory to Applications”, we have decided to propose a second issue that will once again bring together specialists in the field to show the latest advances and findings related to this topic.

It is well known that structural health monitoring (SHM) is a strategic tool for the monitoring and non-invasive assessment of the health state of existing structures’ infrastructures and systems that can be applied in several areas, such as aeronautical, mechanical, civil, and electrical fields. During their life, systems are subject to several actions and environmental conditions that can lead to structural and nonstructural damage. Recent progress in sensing technology and techniques has allowed us to gain insight into the diagnosis of material degradation and structural and nonstructural damages.

Today, there is a trend of increasing the service life of structures. They are commonly assessed periodically based on the results of visual inspection or local, limited, nondestructive testing methods. Although visual inspections are essential, the results can often lead to subjective conclusions; therefore, structural health monitoring is essential as a tool that can detect degradation continuously at an early stage of its occurrence. SHM can provide decision support for reducing operational costs and risks throughout the life cycle.

The present Special Issue focuses on recent developments in theoretical, computational, experimental, and practical aspects in the field and aims to cover different topics, namely: sensors for structural health monitoring; damage detection and characterization algorithms; structural warning systems; model-based structural service life prediction methods; the application of SHM for different exceptional loadings; the influence of environmental and operational conditions; innovative sensing solutions for SHM; cultural heritage damage detection and health monitoring; bridge damage detection and health monitoring; case study applications; and short-term monitoring systems for the diagnostic load testing of structures.

Dr. Hugo Rodrigues
Dr. Ivan Duvnjak
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • structural health monitoring
  • sensing and measurement techniques
  • damage detection algorithms and characterization
  • data analysis
  • structural assessment

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 4926 KiB  
Article
Time-Dependency in the Corrosion Process of Reinforced Concrete Subjected to a Chloride Solution
by Sangki Park, Dong-Woo Seo and Jaehwan Kim
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(22), 12363; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132212363 - 15 Nov 2023
Viewed by 994
Abstract
The corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete exposed to marine environments or winter de-icing poses a significant threat. However, evaluation of it is challenging due to variables such as environmental conditions and concrete properties. Many studies in concrete engineering have introduced a performance-based [...] Read more.
The corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete exposed to marine environments or winter de-icing poses a significant threat. However, evaluation of it is challenging due to variables such as environmental conditions and concrete properties. Many studies in concrete engineering have introduced a performance-based approach, evaluating structures with experimental data by considering the environmental conditions. Electrochemical techniques, including half-cell potential (HP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and galvanostatic pulse (GP), are widely used for studying steel corrosion in concrete. Despite the widespread use, corrosion measurements have still limitations due to ambiguous impedance results from concrete presence, equipment sensitivity, and analysis flexibility. The corrosion of steel in chloride-laden concrete was assessed in well-controlled laboratory conditions using EIS and GP before field application. The results showed that measured values for corrosion parameters were consistent with each other (within 10% discrepancy). Corrosion initiation times varied from 171 to 319 days depending on the techniques, the differences attributed to measurement periods, and the condition of the steel. In addition, it was confirmed that the corrosion potential for HP was significantly correlated with the time constant for GP. This study demonstrated these techniques to improve both the understanding of the corrosion process and the accuracy of the calculated corrosion rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Health Monitoring: From Theory to Applications II)
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19 pages, 10762 KiB  
Article
Post-Earthquake Dynamic Performance of Intact Masonry Building Based on Finite Element Model Updating
by Ivan Duvnjak, Suzana Ereiz, Marina Frančić Smrkić and Domagoj Damjanović
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(15), 9042; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13159042 - 7 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1441
Abstract
The recent seismic activity in Croatia has inflicted significant damage upon numerous buildings, with masonry structures being particularly affected. Consequently, experimental investigations and structural condition assessments’ have garnered increased attention, as they have become integral to the renovation process for such buildings. Additionally, [...] Read more.
The recent seismic activity in Croatia has inflicted significant damage upon numerous buildings, with masonry structures being particularly affected. Consequently, experimental investigations and structural condition assessments’ have garnered increased attention, as they have become integral to the renovation process for such buildings. Additionally, assessing the structural condition prior to seismic events is vital for determining the extent to which earthquakes impact the stiffness of systems, such as masonry structures. This paper presents the results of experimental investigations and numerical analysis conducted on a damaged high school building in Sisak, Croatia. The experimental investigation involved shear testing, flat jack analysis, and operational modal analysis. Utilizing the available drawings and mechanical properties determined experimentally, an initial numerical model was developed. Subsequently, through the iterative process of finite element model updating, the initial numerical model was refined based on the structural dynamic properties. The updated numerical model was then employed to assess the structural condition prior to the earthquake event. This study contributes to the field by providing insights into the post-earthquake estimation of dynamic properties in intact masonry buildings, utilizing a comprehensive approach that combines experimental investigations and finite element model updating. By quantifying the changes in dynamic parameters, such as natural frequencies and mode shapes, the study provides valuable insights into the response characteristics of damaged masonry building. The observed differences in natural frequencies between the damaged and undamaged states are as follows: 9% for the first mode shape, 6% for the second mode shape, and 2% for the third mode shape. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Health Monitoring: From Theory to Applications II)
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35 pages, 10735 KiB  
Article
Development of a System for Cyclic Shear Tests on Full-Scale Walls
by Leandro Di Gregorio, Aníbal Costa, Hugo Rodrigues, Jorge Fonseca and Alice Tavares Costa
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(13), 7498; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13137498 - 25 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1275
Abstract
The SHS-Multirisk Project proposes a residence model that is simultaneously resistant to earthquakes and hurricanes within a specific range of magnitude to be defined in the project. It uses simple, low-cost, and environmentally friendly construction technologies compared with traditional alternatives or more technological, [...] Read more.
The SHS-Multirisk Project proposes a residence model that is simultaneously resistant to earthquakes and hurricanes within a specific range of magnitude to be defined in the project. It uses simple, low-cost, and environmentally friendly construction technologies compared with traditional alternatives or more technological, but less accessible ones. To reach the SHS-Multirisk objectives, an experimental campaign to carry on cyclic shear tests involved a set of 15 reinforced soil-cement compressed earth block walls. Within this program, a particular test system was developed, conditioned by the guidelines: simplicity, availability of resources (especially components, equipment, and workmanship), rationalization of the available space, and scalability of the tests. Considering the short time available for designing and manufacturing the test system and for carrying out the shear tests, it was decided to adopt a project management framework in Scrum mode. This article presents the system developed to conduct full-scale cyclic shear (combined with bending) tests on walls, exploring its characteristics, the development process, the experiment execution process, and a basic analysis of the main test outputs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Health Monitoring: From Theory to Applications II)
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18 pages, 4350 KiB  
Article
Inter-Story Drift Ratio Detection of High-Rise Buildings Based on Ambient Noise Recordings
by Zhen Peng, Zhen Guo, Yifan Shen and Xu Wang
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(11), 6724; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13116724 - 31 May 2023
Viewed by 3315
Abstract
The inter-story drift ratio (IDR) is a crucial parameter in structural health monitoring to judge the safety, stability, and serviceability of buildings. Real-time, continuous, and widely applicable detection on IDRs is essential. However, the current methods present some challenges in conducting such detection, [...] Read more.
The inter-story drift ratio (IDR) is a crucial parameter in structural health monitoring to judge the safety, stability, and serviceability of buildings. Real-time, continuous, and widely applicable detection on IDRs is essential. However, the current methods present some challenges in conducting such detection, including adverse effects from weather, the requirement for large amounts of space, and fragile instruments. This study proposes an alternative method to overcome these defects to measure IDRs and evaluate the structural conditions using ambient noise recordings. Ambient noise is a random and continuous wave signal with various sources and is modified by its propagating medium. Taking the Zhonghe Building on the campus of Tongji University, Shanghai, China, as an example, 24 three-component seismometers were deployed to capture and record the ambient noise continuously from 20 November 2021 to 9 December 2021. Using analysis of the polarization parameters of ambient noise during the building’s most dangerous time and ordinary time, a deflection curve, IDRs, and harmful IDRs of the Zhonghe Building during the most dangerous time were calculated. The computed maximum drift was 0.06 m, the maximum IDR was 1.140×10−3, and the maximum harmful IDR was −2.573×10−4. These results were compared with the relevant specifications in China, and it was found that the structure was in good condition. The study proposes an alternative method to measure IDRs with high applicability and continuity in real time and underscores the need for further research to achieve a localized and real-time structural health monitoring system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Health Monitoring: From Theory to Applications II)
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20 pages, 19878 KiB  
Article
Multi-Point Displacement Synchronous Monitoring Method for Bridges Based on Computer Vision
by Xi Chu, Zhixiang Zhou, Weizhu Zhu and Xin Duan
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(11), 6544; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13116544 - 27 May 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1698
Abstract
Bridge displacement is an important part of safety evaluations. Currently, bridge displacement monitoring uses only a few measurement points, making it difficult to evaluate safety. To address this problem, we propose a multi-point displacement synchronous monitoring method. The structural surface has abundant natural [...] Read more.
Bridge displacement is an important part of safety evaluations. Currently, bridge displacement monitoring uses only a few measurement points, making it difficult to evaluate safety. To address this problem, we propose a multi-point displacement synchronous monitoring method. The structural surface has abundant natural texture features, so we use the feature points of the structural surface as the displacement measurement points and propose a feature point displacement calculation method. Furthermore, we conduct experiments on a beam in the laboratory and obtain the beam’s multi-point displacement monitoring results. The monitoring results show that the displacement of some feature points is mismatched. We propose the use of the structural deflection curve to eliminate the feature point displacement mismatches. This method uses the maximum rotation angle of the deflection curve to eliminate displacement mismatches. The results indicate that it is effective to eliminate displacement mismatches in simple structures, such as simply supported beams. Finally, we obtain the test beam’s multi-point displacement synchronous monitoring results. Compared with the 3D laser scanning measurement method, the maximum error of the monitoring results is 8.70%. Research shows that the main reason for the monitoring error is image noise, and the noise interference problem due to its application in practical bridges requires further investigation. Compared with traditional displacement monitoring, this method has significant economic, efficiency, and data integrity advantages. The method has application prospects for multi-point displacement monitoring of simple structures, such as simply supported beams. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Health Monitoring: From Theory to Applications II)
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16 pages, 3580 KiB  
Article
Predicting Natural Gas Pipeline Failures Caused by Natural Forces: An Artificial Intelligence Classification Approach
by Bright Awuku, Ying Huang and Nita Yodo
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(7), 4322; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13074322 - 29 Mar 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5379
Abstract
Pipeline networks are a crucial component of energy infrastructure, and natural force damage is an inevitable and unpredictable cause of pipeline failures. Such incidents can result in catastrophic losses, including harm to operators, communities, and the environment. Understanding the causes and impact of [...] Read more.
Pipeline networks are a crucial component of energy infrastructure, and natural force damage is an inevitable and unpredictable cause of pipeline failures. Such incidents can result in catastrophic losses, including harm to operators, communities, and the environment. Understanding the causes and impact of these failures is critical to preventing future incidents. This study investigates artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to predict natural gas pipeline failures caused by natural forces, using climate change data that are incorporated into pipeline incident data. The AI algorithms were applied to the publicly available Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration (PHMSA) dataset from 2010 to 2022 for predicting future patterns. After data pre-processing and feature selection, the proposed model achieved a high prediction accuracy of 92.3% for natural gas pipeline damage caused by natural forces. The AI models can help identify high-risk pipelines and prioritize inspection and maintenance activities, leading to cost savings and improved safety. The predictive capabilities of the models can be leveraged by transportation agencies responsible for pipeline management to prevent pipeline damage, reduce environmental damage, and effectively allocate resources. This study highlights the potential of machine learning techniques in predicting pipeline damage caused by natural forces and underscores the need for further research to enhance our understanding of the complex interactions between climate change and pipeline infrastructure monitoring and maintenance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Health Monitoring: From Theory to Applications II)
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14 pages, 3268 KiB  
Article
The Prediction of Abrasion Resistance of Mortars Modified with Granite Powder and Fly Ash Using Artificial Neural Networks
by Slawomir Czarnecki, Adrian Chajec, Seweryn Malazdrewicz and Lukasz Sadowski
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 4011; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13064011 - 21 Mar 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1662
Abstract
This paper predicts the abrasion resistance of a cementitious composite containing granite powder and fly ash replacing up to 30% of the cement weight. For this purpose, intelligent artificial neural network (ANN) models were used and compared. A database was built based on [...] Read more.
This paper predicts the abrasion resistance of a cementitious composite containing granite powder and fly ash replacing up to 30% of the cement weight. For this purpose, intelligent artificial neural network (ANN) models were used and compared. A database was built based on mix composition, curing time, and curing method. The model developed to predict the abrasion resistance of the cementitious composites containing granite powder and fly ash was shown to be accurate. It was proved by the very high values of the accuracy parameters that were above 0.93 in the case of the coefficient of the determination R2 and very low values of the errors, which were about 10% in the case of mean average percentage error. This method can be used especially for designing cement mortars with granite powder and fly ash additives replacing cement in a range from 0 to 30% of its weight. These mortars can be used for floors in industrial buildings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Health Monitoring: From Theory to Applications II)
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27 pages, 13783 KiB  
Article
The Application of Finite Element Simulation and 3D Printing in Structural Design within Construction Industry 4.0
by Faham Tahmasebinia, Amir Abbas Jabbari and Krzysztof Skrzypkowski
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 3929; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063929 - 20 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4428
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing, or additive manufacturing (AM), is a production can be utilised to fabricate 3D shapes from a simulated file. This technology has gained global popularity in the construction industry since 2014 due to its wide range of applications. AM promotes a [...] Read more.
Three-dimensional (3D) printing, or additive manufacturing (AM), is a production can be utilised to fabricate 3D shapes from a simulated file. This technology has gained global popularity in the construction industry since 2014 due to its wide range of applications. AM promotes a more automated, innovative, flexible, and sustainable construction method, making it an integral part of the Construction Industry 4.0. However, there need to be more detailed studies regarding the effectiveness of AM as the future direction in the construction industry. This paper investigates the application of the finite element method (FEM) in assessing 3D-printed structures to get insight into the performance of these structures. Three leading 3D-printed structures were selected, including Dubai Future Foundation in the United Arab Emirates, Apis Cor house in Russia and PERI house in Germany. Structural and thermal analyses, including linear static, natural frequency, spectral response, and steady state heat, were performed using Strand7 to assess the effectiveness of AM in construction and the reliability of FEM in analysing 3D-printed structures. Although there are limited standards and regulations for 3D-printed structures in most countries, it was concluded that 3D-printed structures presented a similar strength to traditional ones. Moreover, FEM can be used to provide a reasonable analysis of the performance of these structures, while complying with the relevant standards. This paper presents a novel numerical procedure to assess the performance of small-scale 3D-printed structures under various mechanical and thermal loadings by checking against the relevant standards. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Health Monitoring: From Theory to Applications II)
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17 pages, 5314 KiB  
Article
Application of Sonic Tests and Modal Identification in the Characterization of Masonry Walls
by Inês Bourgeois, Leandro Torres Di Gregorio, Hugo Rodrigues, Jorge Fonseca, Alice Tavares and Aníbal Costa
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 3762; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063762 - 15 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1573
Abstract
This work contemplates the application of non-destructive techniques, sonic and environmental vibration tests, on a set of soil-cement compressed earth blocks reinforced masonry walls, which were built in laboratory, under the project SHS-Multirisk. The present work constitutes a comparative study that aimed at [...] Read more.
This work contemplates the application of non-destructive techniques, sonic and environmental vibration tests, on a set of soil-cement compressed earth blocks reinforced masonry walls, which were built in laboratory, under the project SHS-Multirisk. The present work constitutes a comparative study that aimed at verifying the reliability of the sonic test method in masonry characterization and in testing a methodology of combined tests for structural assessment. For that purpose, a numerical model of the walls was developed and calibrated with the mechanical properties that were calculated from the sonic tests data. The results of the simulation of the numerical model were compared with the results of the environmental vibration tests, which enabled to reach a correlation between the frequencies, as well as enabling the indirect sonic tests, which were performed in the vertical direction, to result in an accurate prediction of the Young modulus to be used in the numerical models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Health Monitoring: From Theory to Applications II)
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18 pages, 4753 KiB  
Article
Simplified Calculation of Shear Rotations for First-Order Shear Deformation Theory in Deep Bridge Beams
by Seyyedbehrad Emadi, Haiying Ma, Jose Antonio Lozano-Galant and Jose Turmo
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(5), 3362; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13053362 - 6 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2216
Abstract
Nodal rotations are produced by bending and shear effects and bending rotations can be easily calculated using Euler–Bernoulli’s stiffness matrix method. Nevertheless, shear rotations are traditionally neglected, as their effects are practically negligible in most structures. This assumption might lead to significant errors [...] Read more.
Nodal rotations are produced by bending and shear effects and bending rotations can be easily calculated using Euler–Bernoulli’s stiffness matrix method. Nevertheless, shear rotations are traditionally neglected, as their effects are practically negligible in most structures. This assumption might lead to significant errors in the simulation of the rotations in some structures, as well as the wrong identification of the mechanical properties in inverse analysis. Despite its important role, no other works studying the calculation of shear rotations in deep beams were found in the literature. To fill this gap, after illustrating the errors of commercial software regarding calculating the rotations in deep beams, this study proposed a simple and intuitive method to calculate shear rotations in both isostatic and statically redundant beams. The new method calculates the shear rotation for all segments separately and introduces the result to the total rotation of the structure. This method can be applied to find the shear rotation in a redundant structure as well. A parametric study was carried out to calculate slenderness ratios to determine in what structural systems the shear rotations can be neglected. In addition, the errors in the inverse analysis of deep beams were parametrically studied to determine the role of shear rotation in different structural systems. Finally, to validate the application of the method in actual structures, a construction stage of a composite bridge was analyzed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Health Monitoring: From Theory to Applications II)
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24 pages, 2967 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Challenges to the Adoption of IOT for the Safety Management of Small Construction Projects in Malaysia: Structural Equation Modeling Approach
by Ahsan Waqar, Muhammad Basit Khan, Nasir Shafiq, Krzysztof Skrzypkowski, Krzysztof Zagórski and Anna Zagórska
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(5), 3340; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13053340 - 6 Mar 2023
Cited by 55 | Viewed by 5679
Abstract
The Internet of Things is a comprehensive system of connected computing devices and sensors that provide extensive data sharing capability for any specific purpose. For the construction industry, the applications of the Internet of Things have been increasing over the past few years, [...] Read more.
The Internet of Things is a comprehensive system of connected computing devices and sensors that provide extensive data sharing capability for any specific purpose. For the construction industry, the applications of the Internet of Things have been increasing over the past few years, and it is because technology can provide full support to construction projects in attaining significant efficiency. The most critical part of construction products where the internet of things can be adopted is safety management because hundreds of accidents happen every year that result in significant injuries to construction workers and even death in some cases. For small construction projects, the situation is much worse, as there are never enough resources to adopt the latest technology, such as the Internet of Things. This study is structured with the aim of identifying the critical implementation barriers of the internet of things that affect small construction projects in Malaysia specifically. A mixed methodology study design is followed in which, after identifying the implementation barriers of the internet of things from existing literature, they are filtered with expert opinion. A pilot survey was conducted on which exploratory factor analysis was applied to further identify the significant barriers relating to the Internet of Things in small construction projects in Malaysia. A main survey was conducted afterwards, on which the structural equation modelling was done to develop the model involving the final 16 barriers divided into 5 formative constructs. The most critical barriers are found to be related to databases and technology, while the least impact is created by management barriers. Positive theoretical and managerial implications are indicated for future researchers and construction workers, respectively, by which they can improve the implementation of internet of things in small construction projects in Malaysia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Health Monitoring: From Theory to Applications II)
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11 pages, 851 KiB  
Article
The Role of Seismic Structural Health Monitoring (S2HM) in the Assessment of the Delay Time after Earthquakes
by Davide Forcellini
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(5), 3293; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13053293 - 4 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1518
Abstract
The concept of seismic resilience has been introduced in the design of buildings in the last decade. In this regard, the delay time may be defined as the time that occurs between the event and the moment the repair process begins. In the [...] Read more.
The concept of seismic resilience has been introduced in the design of buildings in the last decade. In this regard, the delay time may be defined as the time that occurs between the event and the moment the repair process begins. In the literature, only a few contributions have considered delay time, and even its definition is still under discussion. However, it is a key parameter in the assessment of resilience after earthquakes since it may significantly increase the total time after which a structure may be considered recovered. The principle at the base of the paper is that seismic structural health monitoring (S2HM) may play a significant role in reducing the delay time. Therefore, delay time needs to be considered since it may significantly reduce the seismic resilience of structural systems. The paper aims to consider this important issue demonstrating the relationship between S2HM and the assessment of the seismic resilience of buildings. In particular, the assumption herein is that the accuracy of the S2HM may be described with different levels, and in correspondence with these levels, certain values of the delay time may be considered. In addition, the delay time is considered as a percentage of the total repair time. A multidimensional definition that includes the accuracy of S2HM in the description of the delay time is herein proposed to be included in methodologies that aim to assess seismic resilience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Health Monitoring: From Theory to Applications II)
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