Applied Sciences

Research

13 pages, 2535 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Platelet-Rich Fibrin Treated with No-Ozone Cold Plasma on the Alkaline Phosphatase in Rat Bone Marrow Cells: An In Vitro Study

by Byul Bo Ra Choi and Gyoo Cheon Kim

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9229; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179229 - 22 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Herein, we investigated the effect of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) treatment combined with no-ozone cold plasma (NCP) on growth factor levels, rat bone-marrow stem cell (rBMSC) proliferation, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in the early stage of differentiation into osteoblasts. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Herein, we investigated the effect of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) treatment combined with no-ozone cold plasma (NCP) on growth factor levels, rat bone-marrow stem cell (rBMSC) proliferation, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in the early stage of differentiation into osteoblasts. Methods: The PRF used in the experiment was prepared by collecting blood from the jugular vein of rats, followed by centrifugation. The obtained PRF was treated with NCP, and the cell culture media were conditioned with the PRF extracts alone or with NCP-treated PRF extracts. Three different experimental groups were defined: no treatment (NT); cell culture media extracted from PRF (PRF); and cell culture media extracted from PRF treated with NCP (PRF + NCP). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed to determine the levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) AB. Water-soluble Tetrazolium-1 assay was performed to measure cell proliferation in rBMSCs. To analyze cell differentiation into osteoblasts, ALP staining and real-time PCR were performed. Results: Growth factor levels increased in response to treatment (TGF-β: p < 0.001, PDGF AB: p < 0.05), and the cell proliferation rate increased with treatment (145.29% and 150.05% for PRF and the PRF + NCP groups, respectively, relative to the NT group, p < 0.001). Evaluation of the ALP staining intensity and mRNA expression levels showed that the ALP activity was highest in the PRF + NCP group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results confirmed that NCP treatment enhanced the release of several different growth factors contained in PRF to the culture media and that treatment with PRF and NCP increased the proliferation of rBMSCs and their differentiation into osteoblasts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Diseases and Clinical Dentistry)

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13 pages, 1432 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Ion Release on Color Stability of Zirconia: A Comparative Study

by Alqarama Mahardhika Thalib, Khanisyah Erza Gumilar, Israyani, Shang-Ming Wang, Li-Rong Kuo, Fang-Yu Fan and Chung-Ming Liu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 6364; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15116364 - 5 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Zirconia ceramics are widely used in dentistry, but maintaining long-term color stability remains challenging. This study investigated the combined effects of specimen thickness, immersion duration, and aging of coloring solutions on the color stability of two multilayer commercial zirconia materials: TT ONE Multilayer [...] Read more.

Zirconia ceramics are widely used in dentistry, but maintaining long-term color stability remains challenging. This study investigated the combined effects of specimen thickness, immersion duration, and aging of coloring solutions on the color stability of two multilayer commercial zirconia materials: TT ONE Multilayer (TT) and DD cubeX² ML (DD). Discs (1.0–2.5 mm thick) were immersed in A2-shade coloring liquids for 30 s, 1 min, 3 min, and 5 min and evaluated after three months of solution aging. Color parameters (L*, a*, b*, C*, ΔE) were assessed, along with pH variation and Fe/Er ion concentrations using ICP-MS. Thinner specimens showed higher ΔE values and greater chromatic shifts than thicker ones. Aging of the coloring solutions increased L* values and discoloration, particularly in TT. ICP-MS revealed rising Fe and declining Er levels, correlating with observed optical changes. DD showed greater chemical and optical stability under identical conditions. These findings highlight the need to control zirconia thickness and coloring solution aging to preserve long-term esthetics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Diseases and Clinical Dentistry)

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14 pages, 633 KB

Open AccessArticle

Orofacial Muscle Strength and Associated Potential Factors in Healthy Korean Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Pilot Cross-Sectional Study

by Da-Som Lee, Ji-Youn Kim and Jun-Seon Choi

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(22), 10560; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142210560 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1302

Abstract

Most previous studies on orofacial muscle strength have focused on older adults with conditions associated with sensorimotor deficits, such as stroke. However, the modifiable oral health factors that directly impact orofacial muscle strength and swallowing ability in healthy older adults remain unexplored. This [...] Read more.

Most previous studies on orofacial muscle strength have focused on older adults with conditions associated with sensorimotor deficits, such as stroke. However, the modifiable oral health factors that directly impact orofacial muscle strength and swallowing ability in healthy older adults remain unexplored. This pilot study explored the potential factors associated with orofacial muscle strength, particularly oral health conditions, in 70 healthy adults aged ≥65 years living independently without any diseases that cause dysphagia or sensorimotor deficits. The Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI) was used to assess orofacial muscle strength (tongue elevation, and cheek and lip compression). Statistical analyses were conducted using an independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and multivariate linear regression. In the final regression models after adjustment, older age and fewer remaining teeth were significantly associated with reduced tongue and cheek strengths (p < 0.05). Socio-demographic factors, such as age, and oral health conditions, such as discomfort in pronunciation or mastication due to oral problems, poor self-rated oral health, and reduced salivary flow, were associated with tongue, cheek, and lip muscle strengths (p < 0.05). Early active oral health interventions can help prevent a decline in orofacial muscle strength in healthy older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Diseases and Clinical Dentistry)

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10 pages, 682 KB

Open AccessArticle

Correlation of Parental and Child Dental Plaque Levels: A Clinical Study

by Sergio Mazzoleni, Andrea Zuccon, Sara De Matteo, Roberta Gaia Parcianello, Riccardo Favero, Riccardo Ludovichetti, Giulia Malvicini and Francesco Saverio Ludovichetti

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(22), 10448; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142210448 - 13 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2650

Abstract

Objective: This clinical study aimed to explore the correlation between dental plaque levels in parents and their children. Specifically, the study examined differences in plaque correlation between mother–child and father–child pairs and evaluated the role of parental education in influencing children’s oral hygiene [...] Read more.

Objective: This clinical study aimed to explore the correlation between dental plaque levels in parents and their children. Specifically, the study examined differences in plaque correlation between mother–child and father–child pairs and evaluated the role of parental education in influencing children’s oral hygiene practices. Materials and Methods: A total of 196 subjects were recruited, comprising 49 mother–child and 49 father–child pairs, with children aged 6 to 15 years. Dental plaque was assessed using the O’Leary Plaque Control Record, applying a liquid plaque discloser and explorer. The plaque index was calculated as the percentage of dental surfaces with visible plaque relative to the total surfaces examined. Results: The findings revealed a significant positive correlation between the parental plaque index (IP_PARENTS) and the children’s plaque index (IP_CHILD) (p < 0.001), indicating a strong relationship. While the father’s plaque index (ID_PARENTS(FATHER)) showed a marginally positive effect on IP_CHILD (p = 0.0589), the interaction between father identification and IP_PARENTS had a significant negative impact (p = 0.0344), suggesting that paternal influence on children’s plaque levels may vary. The model accounted for 28% of the variability in IP_CHILD (pseudo R² = 0.2758). Conclusions: The analysis demonstrated a significant association between parental and child plaque levels, with minor differences observed between maternal and paternal influence. No significant effects were found for the age or gender of the children. Overall, increased plaque levels in parents were associated with higher plaque levels in their children, with slight variations depending on the parent’s role. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Diseases and Clinical Dentistry)

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21 pages, 23818 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Importance of Boundary Conditions and Failure Criterion in Finite Element Analysis Accuracy—A Comparative Assessment of Periodontal Ligament Biomechanical Behavior

by Radu-Andrei Moga, Cristian Doru Olteanu and Ada Gabriela Delean

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 3370; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083370 - 17 Apr 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1564

Abstract

(1) Background: Herein, finite element analysis (FEA) of the periodontal ligament (PDL) was used to assess differences between Tresca (T-non-homogenous) and Von Mises (VM-homogenous) criterion, by simulating a 0–8 mm periodontal breakdown under five orthodontic movements (extrusion, intrusion, rotation, tipping, and translation) and [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Herein, finite element analysis (FEA) of the periodontal ligament (PDL) was used to assess differences between Tresca (T-non-homogenous) and Von Mises (VM-homogenous) criterion, by simulating a 0–8 mm periodontal breakdown under five orthodontic movements (extrusion, intrusion, rotation, tipping, and translation) and three loads (0.6, 1.2, and 2.4 N). Additionally, we addressed the issues of proper boundary condition selection for more than 1 N loads and correlated the results with the maximum hydrostatic pressure (MHP) and available knowledge, evaluating ischemic and resorptive risks for more than 1 N orthodontic loads. (2) Methods: Eighty-one models of the second lower premolar (nine patients) with intact and 1–8 mm reduced periodontia were created. The assumed boundary conditions were isotropy, homogeneity, and linear elasticity. A total of 486 FEA simulations were performed in Abaqus. (3) Results: Both criteria displayed similar qualitative results, with T being quantitatively 15% higher and better suited. The assumed boundary conditions seem to be correct up to 2.4 N of the applied load. (4) Conclusions: Both criteria displayed constant deformations and displacements manifested in the same areas independently of the load’s amount, the only difference being their intensity (doubling—1.2 N; quadrupling—2.4 N). Moreover, 2.4 N seems safe for intact periodontium, while, after a 4 mm loss (seen as the reference point), a load of more than 1 N seems to have significant ischemic and resorptive risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Diseases and Clinical Dentistry)

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13 pages, 1196 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Periodontal Status and Oral Health Habits with Continual Dental Support for Young Patients with Hemophilia

by Mariko Kametani, Tatsuya Akitomo, Momoko Usuda, Satoru Kusaka, Yuria Asao, Masashi Nakano, Yuko Iwamoto, Meiko Tachikake, Masashi Ogawa, Ami Kaneki, Taku Nishimura, Noriko Niizato, Chieko Mitsuhata, Katsuyuki Kozai and Ryota Nomura

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(4), 1349; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14041349 - 6 Feb 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1916

Abstract

Hemophilia is a congenital disorder associated with impaired blood clotting. Routine dental intervention to prevent oral bleeding in patients with hemophilia is considered important, but its effectiveness remains unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of continual dental support on periodontal [...] Read more.

Hemophilia is a congenital disorder associated with impaired blood clotting. Routine dental intervention to prevent oral bleeding in patients with hemophilia is considered important, but its effectiveness remains unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of continual dental support on periodontal status and oral health habits in young patients with hemophilia. Of the 168 young patients with hemophilia who visited our clinic for 5 years, we selected subjects who had visited annually since 2015 and were in the mixed and permanent dentitions. To evaluate the periodontal status of these subjects, Community Periodontal Index (CPI) values in the molars and anterior teeth were measured. In addition, a questionnaire regarding oral health habits, including floss use, frequency of brushing by parents, and attending a family dentist, was administered to the subjects and their parents. In the patients with mixed dentition, the CPI values for the upper right molars and lower left central incisor decreased significantly in later years compared with the first year (p < 0.05). In the patients with permanent dentition, only one year recorded a significant decrease in CPI values compared with the first year (p < 0.05), localized in the upper right molars. The results of the questionnaire revealed that continual dental support improved dental floss use and the frequency of brushing by parents only in the mixed dentition group. Furthermore, these oral health habits significantly affected CPI values only in the mixed dentition group (p < 0.01). These results suggest that continual dental support improves the periodontal condition and oral health habits of hemophilic patients, especially those with mixed dentition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Diseases and Clinical Dentistry)

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Review

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18 pages, 5426 KB

Open AccessReview

Treatment of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization and Its Impact on Child and Adolescent Oral Health: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis

by Abigail Andrade Pires, Cristie Luis Kugelmeier and Leily Macedo Firoozmand

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9600; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179600 - 31 Aug 2025

Viewed by 463

Abstract

Molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a developmental enamel defect that poses significant challenges to achieving long-term restorative success. The aim of this bibliometric review is to map the research landscape on treatment strategies for teeth affected by MIH and to provide insights that will [...] Read more.

Molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a developmental enamel defect that poses significant challenges to achieving long-term restorative success. The aim of this bibliometric review is to map the research landscape on treatment strategies for teeth affected by MIH and to provide insights that will guide future research and clinical practice. A comprehensive search of the Web of Science (WoS) and PubMed/MEDLINE databases was conducted for studies on MIH treatment published between 2014 and 2024, using defined keywords related to MIH treatment. Eligible studies were analyzed using VOSviewer, Bibliometrix R-tool, and Carrot2 software to assess publication trends, authorship, citations, and thematic focus. The comprehensive database search of the databases retrieved 933 studies, of which 230 met the inclusion criteria. A notable increase in publications was observed from 2018 to 2022, accompanied by a substantial rise in citations from 2019 onwards. Most of the research is concentrated in pediatric dentistry journals. Key topics include “children”, “resin infiltration”, “resin composite”, and “management/performance”, with an increasing emphasis on innovative and conservative approaches. Although international collaboration remains limited, Brazil (18.7%), Germany (15.5%), and England/Italy (7.7%) lead in research output. This highlights the need for international collaboration and the development of standardized, effective treatment protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Diseases and Clinical Dentistry)

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Other

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11 pages, 8886 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Iatrogenic Incidents in Primary Molar Pulpectomy: A Case Series Report and Literature Review

by Yeo Won Lim, Yong Kwon Chae, Ko Eun Lee, Ok Hyung Nam, Hyo-Seol Lee, Sung Chul Choi and Mi Sun Kim

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(19), 11008; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131911008 - 6 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6296

Abstract

Pulpectomy is a common treatment for severe carious lesions in primary molars. Care should be taken during pulpectomy of the primary teeth for successive permanent teeth. This case series report aimed to describe the cases of three patients who experienced excessive extrusion of [...] Read more.

Pulpectomy is a common treatment for severe carious lesions in primary molars. Care should be taken during pulpectomy of the primary teeth for successive permanent teeth. This case series report aimed to describe the cases of three patients who experienced excessive extrusion of canal filling materials and file separation during primary molar pulpectomy. The presence of separated files or excessive overfilling materials observed around successive permanent tooth germs leads to underdevelopment and may trigger cystic changes owing to abscess formation. The most important aspect is to preserve the unerupted successive developing permanent tooth. Therefore, clinicians should consider the anatomy of the primary molars prior to endodontic treatment, be careful when manipulating instruments during pulpectomy, provide appropriate treatment if iatrogenic incidents occur during endodontic treatment, and perform close follow-up to ensure the successful development and eruption of subsequent permanent teeth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Diseases and Clinical Dentistry)

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