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Applied Sciences
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State-of-the-Art in Microwave Engineering and Applied Electromagnetism
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State-of-the-Art in Microwave Engineering and Applied Electromagnetism

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2023) | Viewed by 7679

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Khan Muhammad Umar

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan
Interests: antennas; RF; microwave
Prof. Dr. Matthias A. Hein

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Thuringian Center of Innovation in Mobility, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany
Interests: antenna design; simulation; and measurements; microwave and millimeter wave circuits; wireless automotive and locomotive transmission systems; electromagnetic environmental compatiblity
Dr. Christian Bornkessel

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Fachgebiet Hochfrequenz- und Mikrowellentechnik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98684 Ilmenau, Germany
Interests: automotive antennas; V2X; human safety in RF EMF; EMC/I
Dr. Nosherwan Shoaib

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan
Interests: RF measurements; EMC/I; antennas

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Microwave engineering, Antennas, electromagnetic compatibility and interference (EMC/I), and applied electromagnetics have seen a considerable growth in the past decades. The topics find application in numerous highly relevant and mostly cross-disciplinary fields. The development of novel antennas for different applications,  design, measurements and testing of radar for commercial use, innovative microwave circuits and systems, electromagnetic field measurements for 5G and 6G, EMC and coexistence and interference mitigations are just some of the areas which has witnessed considerable interest from the academia and industry alike.

This special issue focuses on bringing in the state-of-the-art development of microwave engineering and applied electromagnetics with emphasis on applications with high societal relevance. The special issue plans to have sub-clusters on the recent advances in the area of antennas and antenna measurements, microwave circuits & systems, vehicular radar for safety-relevant applications, and EMC/I issues including field immission assessment.

Topics primarily addressed (but not limited to):

  • 5G Terrestrial and Satellite Antennas
  • Reconfigurable and beamforming antennas
  • Antennas for Internet of Things (IoT)
  • Automotive antennas
  • Locomotive Antennas
  • Synthesis & design methods for multi-functional antennas
  • Computational methods for antenna system design & analysis
  • 5G Integrated Antennas
  • Artificial Intelligence infused intelligent antenna systems
  • Advanced and hybrid antenna measurement methods
  • Wearable electronics
  • Microwave / Millimeter-Wave Active and Passive Devices
  • Microwave, millimeter-wave and sub-THz antenna systems
  • Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems
  • Radar sensors for automated driving on roads and rails
  • RCS and reflectivity measurements for intelligent transportation systems
  • Virtual verification and test methods for automated and connected driving
  • EMC/I and human safety in microwave and millimeter wave electromagnetic fields

Dr. Khan Muhammad Umar
Prof. Dr. Matthias A. Hein
Dr. Christian Bornkessel
Dr. Nosherwan Shoaib
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • microwave engineering
  • electromagnetics
  • radar
  • 5G
  • 6G
  • satellite antennas
  • IoT
  • automated driving

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 4326 KiB  
Article
Dual-Band Nested Circularly Polarized Antenna Array for 5G Automotive Satellite Communications
by Umais Tayyab, Ashish Kumar, Hans-Peter Petry, Muhammad Ehtisham Asghar and Matthias A. Hein
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(21), 11915; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132111915 - 31 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1241
Abstract
Currently, 5G low-earth orbit satellite communications offer enhanced wireless coverage beyond the reach of 5G terrestrial networks, with important implications, particularly for automated and connected vehicles. Such wireless automotive mass-market applications demand well-designed compact user equipment antenna terminals offering non-terrestrial jointly with terrestrial [...] Read more.
Currently, 5G low-earth orbit satellite communications offer enhanced wireless coverage beyond the reach of 5G terrestrial networks, with important implications, particularly for automated and connected vehicles. Such wireless automotive mass-market applications demand well-designed compact user equipment antenna terminals offering non-terrestrial jointly with terrestrial communications. The antenna should be low-profile, conformal, and meet specific parameter values for gain and operational frequency bandwidth, tailored to the intended applications, in line with the aesthetic design requirements of passenger cars. This work presents an original concept for a dual-band nested circularly polarized automotive user terminal that operates at the S-band frequencies around 3.5 GHz and Ka-band frequencies around 28 GHz, namely within the 5G new-radio bands n78 and n257, respectively. The proposed terminal is designed to be integrated into the plastic components of a passenger vehicle. The arrays consist of 2 × 2 aperture-coupled corner-truncated microstrip slot patch antenna elements for the n78 band and of 4 × 4 single-layer edge-truncated microstrip circular slot patch antenna elements for the n257 band. The embedded arrays offer, across the two bands, respectively, 9.9 and 13.7 dBi measured realized gain and 3-dB axial ratio bandwidths of 100 and 1500 MHz for the n78 and n257 bands along the broadside direction. Detailed link budget calculations anticipate uplink data rates of 21 and 6 Mbit/s, respectively, deeming it suitable for various automotive mobility and Internet-of-Things applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art in Microwave Engineering and Applied Electromagnetism)
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24 pages, 31558 KiB  
Article
Making Automotive Radar Sensor Validation Measurements Comparable
by Lukas Elster, Jan Philipp Staab and Steven Peters
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(20), 11405; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011405 - 17 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1128
Abstract
Virtual validation of radar sensor models is becoming increasingly important for the safety validation of Light Detection and Rangings (lidars). Therefore, methods for quantitative comparison of radar measurements in the context of model validation need to be developed. This paper presents a novel [...] Read more.
Virtual validation of radar sensor models is becoming increasingly important for the safety validation of Light Detection and Rangings (lidars). Therefore, methods for quantitative comparison of radar measurements in the context of model validation need to be developed. This paper presents a novel methodology for accessing and quantifying validation measurements of radar sensor models. This method uses Light Detection and Rangings (lidars) and the so-called Double Validation Metric (DVM) to effectively quantify deviations between distributions. By applying this metric, the study measures the reproducibility and repeatability of radar sensor measurements. Different interfaces and different levels of detail are investigated. By comparing the radar signals from real-world experiments where different objects are present, valuable insights are gained into the performance of the sensor. In particular, the research extends to assessing the impact of varying rain intensities on the measurement results, providing a comprehensive understanding of the sensor’s behavior under these conditions. This holistic approach significantly advances the evaluation of radar sensor capabilities and enables the quantification of the maximum required quality of radar simulation models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art in Microwave Engineering and Applied Electromagnetism)
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13 pages, 4677 KiB  
Article
Suitability of Dual-Band, Dual-Polarized Patch Antennas with a Superstrate for the Miniaturization of Ku-Band Antenna Arrays for Automotive Applications
by Roslin Francis, Safwat Irteza Butt, Jasmeet Singh, Peter Guelzow, Ralf Eimertenbrink and Matthias A. Hein
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(19), 10867; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910867 - 29 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1403
Abstract
The extension of low-earth orbit (LEO) services to non-terrestrial mobile communications has huge potential for eliminating network white spots and providing high-speed, low-latency links with worldwide geographic coverage. State-of-the-art user terminals for mobile platforms are too large for integration into a passenger vehicle. [...] Read more.
The extension of low-earth orbit (LEO) services to non-terrestrial mobile communications has huge potential for eliminating network white spots and providing high-speed, low-latency links with worldwide geographic coverage. State-of-the-art user terminals for mobile platforms are too large for integration into a passenger vehicle. Antenna elements loaded with a dielectric superstrate could potentially lead to a considerable miniaturization of the user terminal. As per link budget calculations, an array with a gain of 27 dBi is necessary to ensure a throughput of 25 Mbps in the downlink at the Ku-band. A conventional array with a gain of 6 dBi per element, assuming a 12 × 12 arrangement with half-wavelength spacing, would require a footprint of 36 λ2 at 10 GHz to achieve this target and appears unsuitable for automotive integration. This paper proposes a low-profile, dual-band, dual-polarized, vertically stacked patch antenna with superstrate loading and shows that the inclusion of the superstrate improves the antenna’s gain by at least 3 dB. Therefore, compared to a conventional array, a superstrate-loaded array would need only half of the number of elements to meet the target gain, thus occupying only half of the surface area, and offers better integration for automotive applications. Requiring half of the number of elements also implies considerably reduced design complexity and cost. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art in Microwave Engineering and Applied Electromagnetism)
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12 pages, 16629 KiB  
Article
Fingerprints of the Automotive Radar Scattering of Passenger Cars and Vans
by Philip Aust, Florian Hau, Jürgen Dickmann and Matthias A. Hein
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(18), 10290; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810290 - 14 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1140
Abstract
The radar scattering characteristics of extended objects are an important parameter for perception and tracking algorithms in automated driving tasks. Therefore, high-fidelity sensor models are required to simulate and evaluate typical driving scenarios in virtual testing applications. While the general analysis of typical [...] Read more.
The radar scattering characteristics of extended objects are an important parameter for perception and tracking algorithms in automated driving tasks. Therefore, high-fidelity sensor models are required to simulate and evaluate typical driving scenarios in virtual testing applications. While the general analysis of typical scattering centers of passenger cars is well studied, there are only a few publicly available reports that analyze specific features of the scattering characteristics of different vehicle types. Hence, this work presents detection distributions derived from systematic measurements for six different vehicle types, conducted with a commercial automotive radar on a proving ground. In particular, the contribution of underbody reflections to the respective radar signatures is analyzed, which are caused by multipath propagation via the road surface. The measurements reveal distinctive differences between the scattering characteristics of different vehicles, which are attributed to the respective underbody geometry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art in Microwave Engineering and Applied Electromagnetism)
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9 pages, 1222 KiB  
Communication
From Liquid Crystal on Silicon and Liquid Crystal Reflectarray to Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for Post-5G Networks
by Jinfeng Li
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(13), 7407; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13137407 - 22 Jun 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1971
Abstract
This communication aims to address the recent surge of interest in reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) among both academic and industrial communities, which has largely neglected the historical developments of two other underpinning technologies, i.e., liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) and liquid crystal reflectarray [...] Read more.
This communication aims to address the recent surge of interest in reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) among both academic and industrial communities, which has largely neglected the historical developments of two other underpinning technologies, i.e., liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) and liquid crystal reflectarray antenna (LCRA). Specifically, this communication focuses on the state of the art of LC-RIS, highlighting the unique features of this newly raised enabling technology for post-5G (6G) networks and comparing it to LCOS, which operates at different frequencies and is suited to different use cases. Drawing on insights from existing knowledge of LCOS and LCRA, opportunities and challenges are explored for LC-RIS’s technical advancements in enhancing the coverage, capacity, and energy efficiency of wireless networks. In particular, the development status and roadmap of LC-RIS in China is reviewed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art in Microwave Engineering and Applied Electromagnetism)
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