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Degradable/Resorbable Metallic Alloys for Biomedical Applications
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Degradable/Resorbable Metallic Alloys for Biomedical Applications

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2019) | Viewed by 14771

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Yeoheung Yun

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Science Foundation-Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bioengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
Interests: biodegradable metals; regenerative engineering; corrosion; stent, mechanotransduction; microphysiological system; microfluidics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Biodegradable (bioresorbable) metallic materials such as Zn, Mg, Fe-based alloys provide new opportunities for tissue regeneration. These metallic alloys can temporally provide the mechanical strength as scaffolds, and due to their biocompatibility and bioresorbable characteristics they elicit minimal or no adverse reactions. The first step for developing successful implantable devices is to design alloys with carefully chosen elements, controlled microstructure or single crystals, and metallic glasses using the right processing methods, such as casting, extrusion, and rolling. As the alloys interact with the body, understanding the interface behavior between metal degradation and the surrounding tissue regeneration is critical. Further developing coatings strategies (molecules, polymers, metals, ceramic etc) is another way to control interfacing behavior. Developing in vitro testing standards to extrapolate in vivo behavior is another apsect to consider, which typicially use bioreactors, corrosion testbeds, and sensors. Advanced imaging and computational analysis are actively used for the better characterization of interfacing behavior in vitro and in vivo. The devices can be preclinically tested and characterized in terms of long-term degradation, byproduct (corrosion product) formation, and biocompatibility. The devices can be generaly categorized as cardiovascular, orthopaedic, craniofacial, and bio-electronics. In addition to research-based topics with pre-clinical studies, clinical evidence of success is also important to share with the research community.

Dr. Yeoheung Yun
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Magnesium alloys
  • Iron alloys
  • Zinc alloys
  • Metallic glasses
  • Single crystal
  • Metallic implants
  • Medical devices
  • Microstructure
  • Degradation
  • Resorption
  • Corrosion
  • Finite element method
  • Regeneration
  • Biocompatibility
  • Cardiovascular
  • Orthopaedic
  • Craniofacial
  • Bio-electronics
  • Interface/interaction
  • Bioreactors
  • Sensors
  • Imaging

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 15067 KiB  
Article
In Vitro and In Vivo Testing of Zinc as a Biodegradable Material for Stents Fabricated by Photo-Chemical Etching
by Bala Subramanya Pavan Kumar Kandala, Guangqi Zhang, Tracy M. Hopkins, Xiaoxian An, Sarah K. Pixley and Vesselin Shanov
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(21), 4503; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9214503 - 24 Oct 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3470
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in biodegradable metal implants made from magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and their alloys because they are well tolerated in vivo and have mechanical properties that approach those of non-degradable metals. In particular, Zn and its alloys [...] Read more.
There is an increasing interest in biodegradable metal implants made from magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and their alloys because they are well tolerated in vivo and have mechanical properties that approach those of non-degradable metals. In particular, Zn and its alloys show the potential to be the next generation of biodegradable materials for medical implants. However, Zn has not been as well-studied as Mg, especially for stent applications. Manufacturing stents by laser cutting has become an industry standard. Nevertheless, the use of this approach with Zn faces some challenges, such as generating thermal stress, dross sticking on the device, surface oxidation, and the need for expensive thin-walled Zn tubing and post-treatment. All of these challenges motivated us to employ photo-chemical etching for fabricating different designs of Zn (99.95% pure) stents. The stents were constructed with different strut patterns, made by photo-chemical etching, and mechanically tested to evaluate radial forces. Stents with rhombus design patterns showed a promising 0.167N/mm radial force, which was comparable to Mg-based stents. In vitro studies were conducted with uncoated Zn stents as control and Parylene C-coated Zn stents to determine corrosion rates. The Parylene C coating reduced the corrosion rate by 50% compared to uncoated stents. In vivo studies were carried out by implanting photo-chemically etched, uncoated Zn stent segments subcutaneously in a C57BL/6 mice model. Histological analyses provided favorable data about the surrounding tissue status, as well as nerve and blood vessel responses near the implant, providing insights into the in vivo degradation of the metal struts. All of these experiments confirmed that Zn has the potential for use in biodegradable stent applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degradable/Resorbable Metallic Alloys for Biomedical Applications)
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15 pages, 9843 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Possible Corrosion Products from Mg-Based Biodegradable Metals: Magnesium Oxide and Magnesium Hydroxide Nanoparticles
by Manishi Pallavi, Jenora Waterman, Youngmi Koo, Jagannathan Sankar and Yeoheung Yun
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(20), 4304; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9204304 - 14 Oct 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2531
Abstract
Biodegradable magnesium (Mg) alloys have potential applications in orthopedic implants due to their mechanical and osseointegration properties. However, the surface characteristics, biocompatibility, and toxicity of the released corrosion products in the form of magnesium oxide (MgO) and magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) nanoparticles [...] Read more.
Biodegradable magnesium (Mg) alloys have potential applications in orthopedic implants due to their mechanical and osseointegration properties. However, the surface characteristics, biocompatibility, and toxicity of the released corrosion products in the form of magnesium oxide (MgO) and magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) nanoparticles (NPs) at the junction of implants and in the surrounding tissue are not completely understood. Here, we investigated in vitro cytotoxicity and morphological changes in human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) 1.19 cells in response to various concentrations (1 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, and 50 mM) of MgO/Mg(OH)2 NPs by live/dead assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In this study, we performed a surface characterization of MgO/Mg(OH)2 NPs to evaluate the size of the NPs. Further, an immersion test was performed in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) with randomly selected various concentrations (1 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, 50 mM, and 100 mM) of MgO/Mg(OH)2 NPs to understand the degradation behavior of the NPs, and the change in the pH values from days 1 to 7 was measured. After conducting an immersion test for seven days, the highest concentration (100 mM) of MgO/Mg(OH)2 NPs was selected to study the element depositions on nanoparticles through scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX) mapping. The results from this in vitro cytotoxicity study suggest that less than or equal to 5-mM concentrations of MgO/Mg(OH)2 NPs are tolerable concentrations for hFOB 1.19 cells. This study provides a foundational knowledge of MgO/Mg(OH)2 NP cytotoxicity in hFOB 1.19 cells that can help to develop future sustainable biodegradable magnesium-based alloys for orthopedic applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degradable/Resorbable Metallic Alloys for Biomedical Applications)
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10 pages, 3391 KiB  
Article
External Unilateral Fixator of Own Design for the Treatment of Selected Mandibular Fractures in Horses
by Bernard Turek, Olga Drewnowska and Marcin Kapłan
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(13), 2624; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9132624 - 28 Jun 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4933
Abstract
Most of the mandibular fractures occur as a result of accidents, kicks, or falls. The treatment of fractures located in the incisor region is quite successful with the use of the wiring method. Fractures that occur within the body of the mandible are [...] Read more.
Most of the mandibular fractures occur as a result of accidents, kicks, or falls. The treatment of fractures located in the incisor region is quite successful with the use of the wiring method. Fractures that occur within the body of the mandible are more complicated. Some of them are open and infected and involve the cheek teeth, which makes treatment quite challenging. In these cases, using bone plates mounted directly on the bone would constitute poor technique. External skeletal fixators can be a good alternative for treatment of complicated fractures. In this article we present the construction and the possible use of a unilateral external fixator dedicated for the treatment of mandibular body fractures. The fixator consists of one rod having a diameter of 8 mm and a length of 20 cm, four booms, four connectors, and four self-threading apex pins with a diameter of 6 mm. Stainless steel was used in the production of the fixator. The device has been successfully used for the treatment of open mandible fractures. The stabilizer is light and is small in size, simple to use, and easily assembled and disassembled. It can be adjusted in three planes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degradable/Resorbable Metallic Alloys for Biomedical Applications)
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Review

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12 pages, 2400 KiB  
Review
The Development of Magnesium-Based Resorbable and Iron-Based Biocorrodible Metal Scaffold Technology and Biomedical Applications in Coronary Artery Disease Patients
by Alexandre Hideo-Kajita, Samuel Wopperer, Vinícius Bocchino Seleme, Marcelo Harada Ribeiro and Carlos M. Campos
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(17), 3527; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9173527 - 28 Aug 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3493
Abstract
In the treatment of atherosclerotic disease patients, the adoption of second-generation drug-eluting stents (DES) in percutaneous coronary intervention reduced the occurrence of in-stent restenosis (ISR) and acute stent thrombosis (ST) when compared to bare metal stents and 1st generation DES. However, the permanent [...] Read more.
In the treatment of atherosclerotic disease patients, the adoption of second-generation drug-eluting stents (DES) in percutaneous coronary intervention reduced the occurrence of in-stent restenosis (ISR) and acute stent thrombosis (ST) when compared to bare metal stents and 1st generation DES. However, the permanent encaging of the vessel wall by any of the metallic stents perpetuates the inflammation process and prevents vasomotion in the treated segment. Aiming to overcome this issue, the bioresorbable scaffold (BRS) concept was developed by providing transient vascular radial support to the target segment during the necessary time to heal and disappearing after a period of time. Close to 20 years since BRS technology was first reported, the interventional cardiology field saw the rise and fall of several BRS devices. Although iron-based BRS is an emerging technology, currently, magnesium-alloy resorbable scaffolds devices are supported with the most robust data. This manuscript aims to review the concept of magnesium-based BRS devices, as well as their bioresorption mechanisms and the status of this technology, and the clinical outcomes of patients treated with magnesium BRS and to review the available evidence on iron-based BRS technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degradable/Resorbable Metallic Alloys for Biomedical Applications)
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