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State of the Art in Diffraction Grating: From Manufacturing to...
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State of the Art in Diffraction Grating: From Manufacturing to Spectroscopy Application

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Optics and Lasers".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 18132

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Wenhao Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Grating Technology Research Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
Interests: diffraction grating; grating spectrometer; grating interference measurement technology; convex grating; super resolution spectrometer
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Xiaotian Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Grating Technology Research Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
Interests: diffraction grating; spectrometer; Raman spectroscopy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Qianqian Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Interests: laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; Raman spectroscopy; chemometrics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Meizhen Huang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Interests: spectral detection and instruments; biomedical spectroscopy; optical waveguide sensing; photoelectric detection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are inviting submissions to the Special Issue “State of the Art in Diffraction Grating: from Manufacturing to Spectrosopy Application.”

As an important optical dispersion element, diffraction grating is mainly used in spectrometers to realize the dispersion of polychromatic light in its early application. In recent years, with the development of science and technology, the utility of grating has expanded, no longer being not limited to spectral analysis. Its other optical properties, such as beam splitting, polarization, phase matching, etc., have attracted the attention of scholars. The participation of leading scientists in this field is crucial to guiding society and new users of this technology towards a world transformed by diffraction grating. The scope of this issue covers the manufacturing technology of diffraction grating and its important applications in spectral analysis, optical holography, precision measurement, quantum optics, optical communication, information processing, laser energy modulation and other fields. We welcome submissions exploring cutting-edge research and recent advances in the fields of the diffraction grating and its application fields. Both theoretical and experimental studies are welcome, as well as comprehensive reviews and survey papers.

Dr. Wenhao Li
Dr. Xiaotian Li
Prof. Dr. Qianqian Wang
Dr. Meizhen Huang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • Diffraction grating
  • Fiber grating
  • Grating application
  • Grating spectrometer
  • Spectral analysis
  • Grating precision measurement
  • Grating-assisted phase matching

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 5968 KiB  
Article
Effect of Grating Ruling Machine System Errors on Grating Spectral Performance
by Chao Yang and Xu Chen
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(19), 10174; https://doi.org/10.3390/app121910174 - 10 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2140
Abstract
Grating groove functions scalar theory can describe the light source through the grating interference and diffraction effect of the physical phenomenon of splitting light. It can be used to represent the distribution of the complex amplitude of the illumination light source on the [...] Read more.
Grating groove functions scalar theory can describe the light source through the grating interference and diffraction effect of the physical phenomenon of splitting light. It can be used to represent the distribution of the complex amplitude of the illumination light source on the diffraction screen under the action of the diffraction grating and display the information on the diffracted light position and intensity distribution. As a result, the effect of groove error on the intensity of grating ghost lines and stray light is analyzed. This paper presents an energy solution and analysis of the grating periodic groove error utilizing the grating scalar diffraction theory. Based on this, the effect of the core components of the grating ruling machines, such as screw and worm gear, on the stray light and ghost line of the grating is analyzed. Finally, the random groove error is analyzed. The analysis results show that the worm gear error is an important reason for the appearance of ghost lines in the machine ruling grating, and the lead screw error and random grooving error are the main reasons for the stray light produced by the grating. We optimize the worm gear, lead screw, and error compensation system of the grating ruling machine to effectively improve the ruling quality of the grating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Diffraction Grating: From Manufacturing to Spectroscopy Application)
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12 pages, 2790 KiB  
Article
Exploration of a Flexible Metasurface for Strain Sensors: A Perspective from 2D Grating Fabrication to Spectral Characterization
by Hao Hu and Bayanheshig
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(19), 10007; https://doi.org/10.3390/app121910007 - 5 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1825
Abstract
The flexible plasmonic metasurface is a novel optical device consisting of a large number of subwavelength-sized noble metal (gold, silver, etc.) structures arranged in a specific pattern on a flexible substrate. The usual method for a fabricating flexible metasurface is to build nanostructures [...] Read more.
The flexible plasmonic metasurface is a novel optical device consisting of a large number of subwavelength-sized noble metal (gold, silver, etc.) structures arranged in a specific pattern on a flexible substrate. The usual method for a fabricating flexible metasurface is to build nanostructures on rigid substrates and then transfer them to flexible substrates. However, problems such as structural distortion and structural loss can occur during fabrication. To address these issues, this work improved the process to fabricate and characterize a flexible plasma 2D grating–a type of metasurface composed of gold cubelets with a thickness of 50 nm and a side length of 250 nm. First, an electron beam lithography method modified by proximity effect correction was used to fabricate nanostructures on a rigid substrate. Then, the structures were transferred by a chemical functionalization and a sacrificial layer etching method. In addition, the feasibility of using flexible plasmonic 2D gratings as strain sensors was investigated in this work through a stretching test. Experimental results show that electron beam lithography improved by correcting the proximity effect enabled the fabrication of more precisely shaped nanostructures; the chemical functionalization method significantly improved the transfer yield; and the spectroscopic analysis in the stretching test demonstrated the potential of the flexible plasmonic 2D gratings for sensing applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Diffraction Grating: From Manufacturing to Spectroscopy Application)
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10 pages, 8861 KiB  
Article
High-Efficiency Broadband Polarization-Independent Reflective Grating with Double-Layer Dielectric Rectangle Groove in Littrow Mounting
by Ge Jin, Wei Jia, Bayanheshig, Yongfang Xie and Changhe Zhou
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(17), 8612; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178612 - 28 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2219
Abstract
The design and performance of a high-efficiency broadband and polarization-independent reflective grating is reported. The physical mechanism of the gratings can be described by the modal method. By using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) and simulated annealing (SA) algorithms, the parameters of grating [...] Read more.
The design and performance of a high-efficiency broadband and polarization-independent reflective grating is reported. The physical mechanism of the gratings can be described by the modal method. By using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) and simulated annealing (SA) algorithms, the parameters of grating were optimized. The calculated diffraction efficiencies of −1st order for TE and TM polarizations in Littrow mounting exceeded 95%, from 988 nm to 1122 nm, and by over 98% in the bandwidth ranging from 1015 nm to 1085 nm, with the value of polarization-dependent loss (PDL) lower than 0.06 dB. Moreover, the electric field distribution of the grating was simulated by the finite element method (FEM), which demonstrated that most of the energy of the incident light was diffracted to the −1st order and the electric field was distributed almost outside the grating. In addition, the great fabrication tolerances and incident angle tolerance ensured high performance of the designed grating in manufacture and application. With its properties of high efficiency, broadband, and polarization-independence, the designed grating should be of great interest for lots of practical applications, including chirped pulse amplification (CPA), interferometers, and spectrometers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Diffraction Grating: From Manufacturing to Spectroscopy Application)
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13 pages, 2476 KiB  
Article
Theoretical Exposure Dose Modeling and Phase Modulation to Pattern a VLS Plane Grating with Variable-Period Scanning Beam Interference Lithography
by Ying Song, Ning Zhang, Yujuan Liu, Liu Zhang and Zhaowu Liu
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(15), 7946; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157946 - 8 Aug 2022
Viewed by 1583
Abstract
Variable-period scanning beam interference lithography (VP-SBIL) can be used to fabricate varied-line-spacing (VLS) plane gratings. The exposure phase modulation method to pattern a VLS grating with a desired groove density must be carefully devised. In this paper, a mathematical model of the total [...] Read more.
Variable-period scanning beam interference lithography (VP-SBIL) can be used to fabricate varied-line-spacing (VLS) plane gratings. The exposure phase modulation method to pattern a VLS grating with a desired groove density must be carefully devised. In this paper, a mathematical model of the total exposure dose for VLS plane grating fabrication is established. With model-based numerical calculations, the phase modulation effects of the parameters, including the fringe locked phase, fringe density, and step size, are analyzed. The parameter combinations for the phase modulation are compared and chosen, and the optimal coordinate for phase compensation is selected. The calculation results show that the theoretical errors of the groove density coefficients can be controlled within 1e-8. The mathematical model can represent the deposited exposure dose for patterning VLS gratings during the lithography process, and the chosen parameters and proposed phase modulation method are appropriate for patterning VLS gratings with VP-SBIL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Diffraction Grating: From Manufacturing to Spectroscopy Application)
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15 pages, 2704 KiB  
Article
Application of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics for Identification of Penicillin Manufacturers
by Kai Wei, Qianqian Wang, Geer Teng, Xiangjun Xu, Zhifang Zhao and Guoyan Chen
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 4981; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12104981 - 14 May 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2368
Abstract
Due to the differences in raw materials and production processes, the quality of the same type of drug produced by different manufacturers is different. In drug supervision, determining the manufacturer can help to trace drug quality issues. In this study, a method for [...] Read more.
Due to the differences in raw materials and production processes, the quality of the same type of drug produced by different manufacturers is different. In drug supervision, determining the manufacturer can help to trace drug quality issues. In this study, a method for the quick identification of drug manufacturers based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was proposed for the first time. We obtained the LIBS spectra from 12 samples of three types of penicillin (phenoxymethylpenicillin potassium tablets, amoxicillin capsules, and amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets) produced by 10 manufacturers. The LIBS characteristic lines of the three types of penicillin were ranked by importance based on the decrease in the Gini index of random forest (RF). Three classifiers—the linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machine (SVM) and artificial neural network (ANN)—were used to identify the different manufacturers of the three types of penicillin. RF-ANN provided the best classification result and an accuracy of 100% in penicillin manufacturer identification. The results show that LIBS combined with chemometrics could be used in the identification of penicillin manufacturers, and this method has application potential in drug quality supervision. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Diffraction Grating: From Manufacturing to Spectroscopy Application)
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Review

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18 pages, 2664 KiB  
Review
Echelle Grating Spectroscopic Technology for High-Resolution and Broadband Spectral Measurement
by Yinxin Zhang, Wanzhuo Li, Wenhao Duan, Zhanhua Huang and Huaidong Yang
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(21), 11042; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122111042 - 31 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6685
Abstract
Echelle grating provides high spectral resolving power and diffraction efficiency in a broadband wavelength range by the Littrow mode. The spectrometer with the cross-dispersed echelle scheme has seen remarkable growth in recent decades. Rather than the conventional approach with common blazed grating, the [...] Read more.
Echelle grating provides high spectral resolving power and diffraction efficiency in a broadband wavelength range by the Littrow mode. The spectrometer with the cross-dispersed echelle scheme has seen remarkable growth in recent decades. Rather than the conventional approach with common blazed grating, the cross-dispersed echelle scheme achieves the two-dimensional spatial distribution of the spectrum by one exposure without scanning in the broadband spectral range. It is the fastest and most sensitive spectroscopic technology as of now, and it has been extensively applied in commercial and astronomical spectrometers. In this review, we first highlight the characteristics of the echelle and then present the optical layout, detection approach, and method of calibration. Finally, we discuss the state-of-the-art implementations and applications of commercial and astronomical instruments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Diffraction Grating: From Manufacturing to Spectroscopy Application)
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