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Photonic Technology in 5G
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Photonic Technology in 5G

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Optics and Lasers".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 July 2020) | Viewed by 23204

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Amalia Miliou

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54453 Thessaloniki, Greece
Interests: integrated optics; optical fibre networks; packet switching; Mach-Zehnder interferometers; optical communication equipment; optical storage; optical switches; radio-over-fibre; semiconductor optical amplifiers; 5G mobile communication; energy conservation; optical delay lines; optical wavelength conversion; quadrature amplitude modulation; random-access storage; silicon-on-insulator; telecommunication network routing; wavelength division multiplexing; III-V semiconductors; OFDM modulation; SRAM chips; access protocols; antenna phased arrays; array signal processing; bandwidth allocation
Dr. Christos (Chris) Vagionas

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54453 Thessaloniki, Greece
Interests: optical interconnects; integrated photonics; integrated photonic meshes; optical memories; 5G networks
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

On the verge of the 5G era for mobile networks, a wide variety of demanding applications and use case scenarios have been setting especially demanding end-user requirements, such as low latency, high traffic capacity, spectral efficiency, low energy consumption, and massive machine-to-machine communication, placing a tremendous load also on the fronthaul network. Photonics technology is expected to play a crucial role in the deployment and success of future 5G networks, providing high-speed data transmission and switching systems, thus satisfying the speed and the low-latency requirement of 5G networks. Aiming to meet the 5G KPIs requirements while complying with the physical layer performance metrics of the underlying hardware, the Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) technologies could prove beneficial, offering significant energy and cost savings.

The main purpose of this Special Issue “Photonic Technology in 5G” is to cover all topics of the latest research and developments in the field of photonics and its implementation in 5G networks. This is an open call for papers providing research contributions to the following areas:

Prof. Dr. Amalia Miliou
Dr. Christos Vagionas
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • 5G Network Architecture
  • Digital/Analog Radio Over Fiber (Rof) Systems
  • III/V laser and Silicon Photonic Transceivers
  • Integrated Microwave Photonics Technology
  • Optical Interfaces for Wireless and Transport Solutions
  • Fast Optical Gateways and Hybrid Circuit/Packet switch engines Enabling Optical Communication Technologies (Devices and Subsystems)
  • 5G Standardization
  • Radio-Optical Digital Signal Processing

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 1603 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Phase Noise in a Hybrid Photonic/Millimetre-Wave System for Single and Multi-Carrier Radio Applications
by Devika Dass, Sean O'Duill, Amol Delmade and Colm Browning
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(17), 5800; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10175800 - 21 Aug 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2831
Abstract
The future evolution of wireless networks, throughout the 5G era and beyond, will require the expansion and augmentation of millimetre-wave systems for both terrestrial and satellite communications. Photonic technologies offer a cost efficient and high bandwidth platform for millimetre-wave carrier generation and distribution, [...] Read more.
The future evolution of wireless networks, throughout the 5G era and beyond, will require the expansion and augmentation of millimetre-wave systems for both terrestrial and satellite communications. Photonic technologies offer a cost efficient and high bandwidth platform for millimetre-wave carrier generation and distribution, but can introduce high levels of phase noise through optical heterodyning, which is highly problematic for mobile signal waveforms. In this work, a detailed analytical model of a hybrid photonic/mm-wave system is developed and discussed. Through careful system design, the system is found to support both 5G compatible multi-carrier (OFDM) and single carrier (APSK) modulation at 60 GHz. APSK is found to offer higher tolerance mm-wave phase noise compared to OFDM, ultimately easing optical linewidth restrictions to ∼30 kHz. The model is extended to include a novel millimetre wave phase noise cancelling receiver, which is shown to significantly alleviate these restrictions even further—enabling phase noise free mm-wave operation for optical linewidths up to ∼2 MHz. Detailed analysis and discussion of this extended system lead to the establishment of a theoretical relationship between the mm-wave receiver design and the achievable system performance in terms of error vector magnitude (EVM). Excellent matching of the predicted theoretical with simulated performances is shown. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic Technology in 5G)
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21 pages, 4073 KiB  
Article
On the QKD Integration in Converged Fiber/Wireless Topologies for Secured, Low-Latency 5G/B5G Fronthaul
by Dimitris Zavitsanos, Argiris Ntanos, Giannis Giannoulis and Hercules Avramopoulos
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(15), 5193; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155193 - 28 Jul 2020
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 4713
Abstract
A research contribution focusing on the Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)-enabled solutions assisting in the security framework of an optical 5G fronthaul segment is presented. We thoroughly investigate the integration of a BB84-QKD link, operating at telecom band, delivering quantum keys for the Advanced [...] Read more.
A research contribution focusing on the Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)-enabled solutions assisting in the security framework of an optical 5G fronthaul segment is presented. We thoroughly investigate the integration of a BB84-QKD link, operating at telecom band, delivering quantum keys for the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)-256 encryption engines of a packetized fronthaul layer interconnecting multiple 5G terminal nodes. Secure Key Rate calculations are studied for both dedicated and shared fiber configurations to identify the attack surface of AES-encrypted data links in each deployment scenario. We also propose a converged fiber-wireless scenario, exploiting a mesh networking extension operated by mmWave wireless links. In addition to the quantum layer performance, emphasis is placed on the strict requirements of 5G-oriented optical edge segments, such as the latency and the availability of quantum keys. We find that for the dark fiber case, secret keys can be distilled at fiber lengths much longer than the maximum fiber fronthaul distance corresponding to the round-trip latency barrier, for both P2P and P2MP topologies. On the contrary, the inelastic Raman scattering makes the simultaneous transmission of quantum and classical signals much more challenging. To counteract the contamination of noise photons, a resilient classical/QKD coexistence scheme is adopted. Motivated by the recent advancements in quantum technology roadmap, our analysis aims to introduce the QKD blocks as a pillar of the quantum-safe security framework of the 5G/B5G-oriented fronthaul infrastructure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic Technology in 5G)
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12 pages, 3187 KiB  
Article
An Ultra-Wideband Microwave Photonic Channelized Receiver with Zero-IF Architecture
by Bo Chen, Yangyu Fan, Zhou Tian, Wuying Wang, Bochao Kang, Wei Jiang and Yongsheng Gao
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10010030 - 19 Dec 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3762
Abstract
A scheme for realizing a zero-intermediate frequency (IF) channelized receiver using a dual-polarization quadrature phase-shift keying (DP-QPSK) modulator and a narrow-band optical filter is proposed. The channelized system only requires one optical frequency comb to achieve zero-IF multi-channel reception of wideband signals, and [...] Read more.
A scheme for realizing a zero-intermediate frequency (IF) channelized receiver using a dual-polarization quadrature phase-shift keying (DP-QPSK) modulator and a narrow-band optical filter is proposed. The channelized system only requires one optical frequency comb to achieve zero-IF multi-channel reception of wideband signals, and the spacing of the optical frequency comb only needs to be equal to the sub-channel width, which is very easy to implement. It is found that using photonic IQ demodulation and balanced detection and reception technology can not only eliminate many disadvantages of the traditional zero-IF receiver, including local oscillator (LO) leakage, direct current (DC) offset, even-order distortion, and in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) imbalance, but also reduce the bandwidth and sample rate of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). It is theoretically proven that the radio frequency (RF) signal with a bandwidth of 3 GHz can be divided into five sub-channels with a bandwidth of 600 MHz and finally demodulated to I/Q basebands, which are also verified with simulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic Technology in 5G)
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23 pages, 5251 KiB  
Article
A 5G C-RAN Optical Fronthaul Architecture for Hotspot Areas Using OFDM-Based Analog IFoF Waveforms
by Charoula Mitsolidou, Christos Vagionas, Agapi Mesodiakaki, Pavlos Maniotis, George Kalfas, Chris G. H. Roeloffzen, Paul W. L. van Dijk, Ruud M. Oldenbeuving, Amalia Miliou and Nikos Pleros
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(19), 4059; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9194059 - 28 Sep 2019
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5998
Abstract
Analog fronthauling is currently promoted as a bandwidth and energy-efficient solution that can meet the requirements of the Fifth Generation (5G) vision for low latency, high data rates and energy efficiency. In this paper, we propose an analog optical fronthaul 5G architecture, fully [...] Read more.
Analog fronthauling is currently promoted as a bandwidth and energy-efficient solution that can meet the requirements of the Fifth Generation (5G) vision for low latency, high data rates and energy efficiency. In this paper, we propose an analog optical fronthaul 5G architecture, fully aligned with the emerging Centralized-Radio Access Network (C-RAN) concept. The proposed architecture exploits the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technique and multicarrier intermediate-frequency-over-fiber (IFoF) signal generation per wavelength in order to satisfy the demanding needs of hotspot areas. Particularly, the fronthaul link employs photonic integrated circuit (PIC)-based WDM optical transmitters (Txs) at the baseband unit (BBU), while novel reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers (ROADMs) cascaded in an optical bus are used at the remote radio head (RRH) site, to facilitate reconfigurable wavelength switching functionalities up to 4 wavelengths. An aggregate capacity of 96 Gb/s has been reported by exploiting two WDM links carrying multi-IF band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals at a baud rate of 0.5 Gbd with sub-carrier (SC) modulation of 64-QAM. All signals exhibited error vector magnitude (EVM) values within the acceptable 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) limits of 8%. The longest reach to place the BBU away from the hotspot was also investigated, revealing acceptable EVM performance for fiber lengths up to 4.8 km. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic Technology in 5G)
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Review

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16 pages, 469 KiB  
Review
Candidate Waveforms for ARoF in Beyond 5G
by Javier Pérez Santacruz, Simon Rommel, Ulf Johannsen, Antonio Jurado-Navas and Idelfonso Tafur Monroy
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(11), 3891; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10113891 - 4 Jun 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4909
Abstract
5G mobile networks aim to support a large variety of services with different and demanding requirements. To achieve this, analog radio over fiber (ARoF) fronthaul along with millimeter-wave (mmWave) cells is a strong candidate to be part of the 5G architecture. Very high [...] Read more.
5G mobile networks aim to support a large variety of services with different and demanding requirements. To achieve this, analog radio over fiber (ARoF) fronthaul along with millimeter-wave (mmWave) cells is a strong candidate to be part of the 5G architecture. Very high throughput can be achieved by using mmWave signals due to the large available bandwidths, which combines well with the advantages of employing ARoF technology. Nevertheless, combined mmWave and ARoF systems face a particular challenge as the impacts of both channels—such as high free-space path loss, phase noise, chromatic dispersion, and other degrading effects—affect the signal without the possibility for intermediate restoration. The selection of the signal waveforms plays an important role in reducing these defects. In addition, waveforms are one of the keys in the physical layer available towards satisfying the requirements for 5G and beyond. In this manuscript, several key requirements are presented to determine the merit of candidate waveform formats to fulfill the 5G requirements in the mmWave ARoF architecture. An overview of the different suitable waveforms for this architecture is provided, discussing their advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, a comprehensive comparison in terms of different requirements is also presented in this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic Technology in 5G)
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