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Advances in Tropical Cyclone Climate Research
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Advances in Tropical Cyclone Climate Research

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Meteorology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2023) | Viewed by 7726

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Chundi Hu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
Interests: ocean–atmosphere interaction; ENSO and monsoon; tropical cyclone; climate change
Dr. Han Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
Interests: ocean response and feedback to typhoons; numerical simulation and theoretical research on tropical cyclones

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Typhoons or Hurricanes are one of the most destructive severe weather systems, often accompanied by violent storms, causing huge casualties and economic losses. There is growing public concern about the Climate changes in tropical cyclone (TC) activity in the context of global warming. Meanwhile, the TC-related climate research has been an important issue in the scientific reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and a well-established research field in the past decade. In particular, are TCs or Typhoons moving slower and intensifying faster in a warming climate?—That is a question remains controversial. Many studies have suggested the importance of interactions among three oceans in modulating TC activity, especially from the perspective of large-scale ocean–climate variability, such as the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (Modoki), Indian Ocean Dipole, Tropical Atlantic Variability, Pacific Meridional Mode and North Atlantic Oscillation, etc. However, global ocean and climate dynamic processes have also exhibited considerable changes under greenhouse warming. Thus, understanding natural variability and anthropogenic forcing are needed further continuous research. In this context, this special issue will provide a platform to share the recent developments in these areas about global or regional TC/Typhoon activity with a broader research community, by addressing the outstanding scientific questions in the field of Ocean-Land-Atmosphere research. 

Dr. Chundi Hu
Dr. Han Zhang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • typhoon/tropical cyclone (TC) activity
  • TC climate change/variability
  • extreme TCs and rainfall prediction
  • TC-related climate systems
  • typhoon/TC rainfall and cloud microphysical processes
  • ocean response and feedback to typhoons
  • long-term trends and/or future changes of TCs

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 15836 KiB  
Article
The Relationship between the Typhoons Affecting South China and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation
by Weijian Qin, Yuexing Cai and Liyang He
Atmosphere 2024, 15(3), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15030285 - 26 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1164
Abstract
Using typhoon data from the Shanghai Typhoon Institute of the China Meteorological Administration, the Japan Meteorological Agency’s annual Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) index, and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data from 1951 to 2021, correlation and composite analyses were carried out to study the relationship between [...] Read more.
Using typhoon data from the Shanghai Typhoon Institute of the China Meteorological Administration, the Japan Meteorological Agency’s annual Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) index, and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data from 1951 to 2021, correlation and composite analyses were carried out to study the relationship between the variability among tropical cyclones of different magnitudes affecting South China and the PDO. The results show that there is an obvious out-of-phase relationship between the proportion of tropical cyclones reaching a typhoon-level intensity or above in South China and the PDO index. When the PDO is in a cold (warm) phase, the sea surface temperature in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific is cold (warm), similar to the eastern Pacific La Niña (El Niño) phenomenon, and the SST in the eastern and western tropical Pacific Ocean shows a negative (positive) gradient; the subtropical high in the western Pacific Ocean is weaker (stronger) than normal, with the western ridge point to the east (west), and the 500 hPa geopotential height in the South China Sea and the area east of the Philippines is weaker (stronger), which is conducive to (unfavorable to) the formation of a monsoon trough; and the westerly (easterly) winds at high altitudes and the southwesterly (northeasterly) winds at low altitudes from the South China Sea to the Philippines are abnormally strong, and a positive (negative) vorticity at low altitudes, a low (high) sea level pressure, and strong (weak) convection are shown. These conditions are favorable (unfavorable) for the intensification of typhoons affecting South China, and as a result, the number of tropical cyclones reaching the level of typhoons or above account for a greater (smaller) proportion of those affecting South China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Tropical Cyclone Climate Research)
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18 pages, 5297 KiB  
Article
Thermal and Dynamical Characteristics of Landfalling Severe Typhoons in South China against Different Monsoon Backgrounds
by Zhixiang Xiao and Cai Yao
Atmosphere 2023, 14(2), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020338 - 8 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1325
Abstract
The characteristics of landfalling severe typhoons (LSTYs)—i.e., typhoons with landfall intensities of 2 min with a mean maximum sustained wind ≥41.5 m s−1—in South China (SC) were here examined. Thirteen LSTYs have been recorded in SC since 1949, and most of [...] Read more.
The characteristics of landfalling severe typhoons (LSTYs)—i.e., typhoons with landfall intensities of 2 min with a mean maximum sustained wind ≥41.5 m s−1—in South China (SC) were here examined. Thirteen LSTYs have been recorded in SC since 1949, and most of them underwent a rapid intensification before landfall. The LSTYs were classified into three categories based on the intensity of the western North Pacific summer monsoon, i.e., as weak, moderate, and strong monsoons. The characteristics of the three types of LSTYs are markedly different. Two LSTYs (7317 and 1523) were developed against a weak monsoon (WM) background and did not have abundant monsoon water vapor drawn into the typhoon cores. Therefore, these two LSTYs exhibited smaller horizontal outer sizes and weaker “warm–wet” cores than those in moderate and strong monsoons. However, a warm offshore ocean supplied a sufficient amount of energy, favoring these two LSTYs’ rapid intensification before landfall. There have been five LSTYs (9113, 0518, 0816, 1320, and 1826) that formed under strong monsoon (SM) conditions but obtained a poor energy supply from the coastal ocean. Embedded in the SM, the vigorous warm–wet monsoon flow was drawn into the typhoons and persisted for several days until landfall. Then, the five LSTYs developed strongly at the greatest horizontal scale and were maintained as severe typhoons for almost 48 h before landfall. The beneficial warm–wet atmospheric circulation stimulated the strongest warm (wet) core at the upper (lower) level of the LSTYs, and a secondary, low-level warm core occurred as well. In moderate monsoon (MM) cases (8106, 9617, 1311, 1410, 1418, and 1714), the strength of the monsoon flow, the “warm–wet” core of the typhoon, and the ocean energy supply were ranked just between those of the LSTYs in WMs and SMs. The development of the LSTYs in the MM cases resulted from a combination of the effects of monsoon and ocean energy supply. In addition, the powerful upper-level divergence ascribed to the strong South Asia High may have played an auxiliary role in MM cases. From the perspective of the sea surface temperature (SST) response to the LSTYs, because of a relatively fast translation speed and the warmer subsurface ocean, the SST cooling was weakest for WM cases. However, the strongest SST cooling was found in SM cases and it was partially due to their slowest translation speed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Tropical Cyclone Climate Research)
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11 pages, 2974 KiB  
Communication
Impact of Thermal Forcing over the Southeast of the Tibetan Plateau on Frequency of Tropical Cyclones Affecting Guangxi during Boreal Summer
by Chengyang Zhang, Sheng Lai, Fengqin Zheng, Liyang He, Xiaoli Luo, Cuiyin Huang, Xiuhua Zhou and Hui He
Atmosphere 2023, 14(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14010018 - 22 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1164
Abstract
Tropical cyclones entering coastal areas adversely affect southern China. However, changes in the frequency of tropical cyclones affecting the west of southern China remain unclear. Our study reveals the possible impact of the thermal forcing anomaly over the southeast Tibetan Plateau (TP) on [...] Read more.
Tropical cyclones entering coastal areas adversely affect southern China. However, changes in the frequency of tropical cyclones affecting the west of southern China remain unclear. Our study reveals the possible impact of the thermal forcing anomaly over the southeast Tibetan Plateau (TP) on the frequency of tropical cyclones affecting Guangxi formed within the west of 120° E during boreal summer. Further analysis indicates that the cooling over the southeast TP is accompanied by local descending motions over southeastern TP and compensating ascending motions over eastern Indochina Peninsula and results in a reduced 850–200 hPa vertical wind shear over the north of 15° N in South China Sea (SCS), which is conducive to the westward development of tropical cyclones and favorable conditions for the formation of TCs affecting Guangxi over the SCS. Finally, the results from a linear baroclinic model experiment also verify that the changes in the 850–200 hPa vertical wind shear over southern SCS and compensating vertical motions over eastern Indochina Peninsula are associated with the thermal forcing anomaly over the southeast TP. Our results imply that in summer the thermal forcing anomaly over TP should be emphasized when interpreting and predicting the frequency of tropical cyclones affecting local areas in southern China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Tropical Cyclone Climate Research)
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13 pages, 5236 KiB  
Article
A Climatological Study of Successive Tropical Cyclone Events in North Atlantic
by Xia Sun and Lian Xie
Atmosphere 2022, 13(11), 1909; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111909 - 16 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1760
Abstract
This study presents the climatological characteristics and key environmental features that are conducive to the development of successive tropical cyclone events (STCs) over the North Atlantic Ocean. Composite analyses were conducted to analyze the temporal, spatial, and mean characteristics of the environmental conditions [...] Read more.
This study presents the climatological characteristics and key environmental features that are conducive to the development of successive tropical cyclone events (STCs) over the North Atlantic Ocean. Composite analyses were conducted to analyze the temporal, spatial, and mean characteristics of the environmental conditions associated with historical STC events during the study period of 1950–2020. The results show that the tropical cyclone (TC)-induced Rossby waves could explain a majority of Atlantic STCs when newly formed TCs develop to the east of the pre-existing TC during the study period. The remaining STCs which could not be explained by the Rossby wave dispersion theory were likely the result of favorable environmental conditions conducive to the occurrence of the successive development of TCs. The composite analysis of the environmental conditions at various time scales reveals that the low-frequency variability of the environmental conditions likely plays a significant role in modulating the STCs over the North Atlantic Ocean. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Tropical Cyclone Climate Research)
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18 pages, 26095 KiB  
Article
Climatology of Different Classifications of Tropical Cyclones Landfalling in Guangdong Province of China during 1951–2020
by Shuqin Zhang, Yanzhu Zheng, Chunlei Liu, Zhefan Huang, Hanwei Weng, Jianjun Xu and Shifei Tu
Atmosphere 2022, 13(8), 1306; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081306 - 17 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1713
Abstract
The climatology of different classifications (based on the intensity at the landfall time) of tropical cyclones (TCs) making landfall in Guangdong Province of China during 1951–2020 (70 years) is investigated using the best track data from the China Meteorological Administration and ERA5 reanalysis [...] Read more.
The climatology of different classifications (based on the intensity at the landfall time) of tropical cyclones (TCs) making landfall in Guangdong Province of China during 1951–2020 (70 years) is investigated using the best track data from the China Meteorological Administration and ERA5 reanalysis data. There were 234 TCs making landfall in Guangdong Province, with more severe tropical storms (STSs, 30.8%) and typhoons (TYs, 27.3%), and less tropical depressions (TDs, 19.7%) and tropical storms (TSs, 22.2%) during the past 70 years. The frequency of the landfall TCs had a significant interannual oscillation of 2–5 years. Landfall TCs generated over the western North Pacific (WNP) were usually more and stronger than those generated over the South China Sea (SCS). The TCs generated over the WNP had longer lifetime duration and shorter on-land duration than those generated over the SCS. TCs making landfall in western Guangdong were the most, followed by central Guangdong and eastern Guangdong. The composite analysis using TC-relative coordinates indicated that the precipitation of different classifications of TCs making landfall in Guangdong Province was asymmetric, which was stronger in the south of the TC center. The position of the maximum precipitation showed a cyclonic rotation around the TC center with increasing TC intensity. Generally, the vertical velocity, moisture flux, warm core, and vertical wind shear enhanced with the increasing landfall TC intensity. The vertical velocity and moisture flux of different classifications of TCs also showed an asymmetric structure related to the distribution of TC precipitation. TSs, STSs, and TYs had a double warm-core configuration. The precipitation of the TDs and TSs usually occurred over the down-shear of average vertical wind shear, those of the STSs and TYs over the left-of-shear. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Tropical Cyclone Climate Research)
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