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Atmosphere
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The Influence of Solar Cyclicity on the Earth’s Climate
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The Influence of Solar Cyclicity on the Earth’s Climate

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Climatology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2023) | Viewed by 3988

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Svetlana Veretenenko

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Ioffe Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Politekhnicheskaya 26, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
Interests: solar activity; solar-terrestrial connections; cosmic rays; atmospheric circulation; weather; climate
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Sun is known to be the main energy source for the Earth’s atmosphere. However, the role of solar cyclic variability in the formation of the Earth’s climate has not been studied enough. Solar activity is characterized by a number of cycles, first of all, the Schwabe cycle (~11 years), the magnetic Hale cycle (~22 years), and the secular Gleissberg cycle. On longer time scales solar activity reveals variations with periods of ~210 years (the Suess-de Vries cycle), ~900-1000 years (the Eddy cycle), and ~2400 years (the Hallstatt cycle). Studies of how solar cyclicity observed on different time scales are manifested in various climatic characteristics are of great significance, since they allow us to understand reasons for the Earth’s climate variability in the past and to forecast its future changes. The problem of solar variability's influence on the Earth’s climate has taken a special meaning in recent years due to lively debates about possible reasons for Global Warming. In this connection, investigation of solar variability effects on the Earth’s atmosphere will help to assess correctly the contribution of natural factors in the observed climate changes.

On the other hand, the mechanism of the formation of the Earth’s atmosphere response to solar variability also remains not quite understood. The Sun can affect the terrestrial atmosphere in different ways, including variations in total and ultraviolet solar irradiance, fluxes of energetic particles (solar and galactic cosmic rays, auroral and radiation belt electrons), disturbances in the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic fields. The contributions of these factors in the overall response of the atmosphere to solar cyclic variability also need to be investigated. The Special Issue is open to studies that consider the effects of the decadal and longer solar cycles on the Earth’s climate characteristics. Studies clarifying different aspects of the mechanism of solar variability's influence on atmospheric processes are also welcomed.

Dr. Svetlana Veretenenko
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • climate variability
  • solar-atmospheric links
  • solar cycles
  • solar irradiance
  • cosmic rays
  • geomagnetic activity
  • global and regional temperatures
  • atmospheric circulation

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

40 pages, 4236 KiB  
Article
About the Possible Solar Nature of the ~200 yr (de Vries/Suess) and ~2000–2500 yr (Hallstadt) Cycles and Their Influences on the Earth’s Climate: The Role of Solar-Triggered Tectonic Processes in General “Sun–Climate” Relationship
by Boris Komitov
Atmosphere 2024, 15(5), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15050612 - 19 May 2024
Viewed by 982
Abstract
(1) Introduction: The subject of the present study concerns the analysis of the existence and long time evolution of the solar ~200 yr (de Vries/Suess) and ~2400 yr (Hallstadt) cycles during the recent part of the Wurm ice epoch and [...] Read more.
(1) Introduction: The subject of the present study concerns the analysis of the existence and long time evolution of the solar ~200 yr (de Vries/Suess) and ~2400 yr (Hallstadt) cycles during the recent part of the Wurm ice epoch and the Holocene, as well as their forcing on the regional East European climate during the last two calendar millennia. The results obtained here are compared with those from our previous studies, as well as with the results obtained by other authors and with other types of data. A possible scenario of solar activity changes during the 21st century, as well as different possible mechanisms of solar–climatic relationships, is discussed. (2) Data and methods: Two types of indirect (historical) data series for solar activity were used: (a) the international radiocarbon tree ring series (INTCAL13) for the last 13,900 years; (b) the Schove series of the calendar years of minima and maxima and the magnitudes of 156 quasi 11 yr sunspot Schwabe–Wolf cycles since 296 AD and up to the sunspot cycle with number 24 (SC24) in the Zurich series; (c) manuscript messages about extreme meteorological and climatic events (Danube and Black Sea near-coast water freezing), extreme summer droughts, etc., in Bulgaria and adjacent territories since 296 and up to 1899 AD, when the Bulgarian meteorological dataset was started. A time series analysis and χ2-test were used. (3) Results and analysis: The amplitude modulation of the 200 yr solar cycle by the 2400 yr (Hallstadt) cycle was confirmed. Two groups of extremely cold winters (ECWs) during the last ~1700 years were established. Both groups without exclusion are concentrated near 11 yr sunspot cycle extremes. The number of ECWs near sunspot cycle minima is about 2 times greater than that of ECWs near sunspot cycle maxima. This result is in agreement with our earlier studies for the instrumental epoch since 1899 AD. The driest “spring-summer-early autumn” seasons in Bulgaria and adjacent territories occur near the initial and middle phases of the grand solar minima of the Oort–Dalton type, which relate to the downward phases and minima of the 200 yr Suess cycle. (4) Discussion: The above results confirm the effect of the Sun’s forcing on climate. However, it cannot be explained by the standard hypothesis for total solar irradiation (TSI) variations. That is why another hypothesis is suggested by the author. The mechanism considered by Svensmark for galactic cosmic ray (GCR) forcing on aerosol nuclei was taken into account. However, in the hypothesis suggested here, the forcing of solar X-ray flux changes (including solar flares) on the low ionosphere (the D-layer) and following interactions with the Earth’s lithosphere due to the terrestrial electric current systems play a key role for aerosol nuclei and cloud generation and dynamics during sunspot maxima epochs. The GCR flux maximum absorption layer at heights of 35–40 km replaces the ionosphere D-layer role during the sunspot minima epochs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Influence of Solar Cyclicity on the Earth’s Climate)
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12 pages, 831 KiB  
Article
Mesospheric Ozone Depletion Depending on Different Levels of Geomagnetic Disturbances and Seasons
by Irina Mironova, Dmitry Grankin and Eugene Rozanov
Atmosphere 2023, 14(8), 1205; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14081205 - 27 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1590
Abstract
Energetic electron precipitation (EEP) into the atmosphere are considered to play an important role in the natural forcing of the ozone variability and dynamics of the middle atmosphere during magnetospheric and geomagnetic disturbances. Energetic electrons from the radiation belt spill out into the [...] Read more.
Energetic electron precipitation (EEP) into the atmosphere are considered to play an important role in the natural forcing of the ozone variability and dynamics of the middle atmosphere during magnetospheric and geomagnetic disturbances. Energetic electrons from the radiation belt spill out into the atmosphere during geomagnetic disturbances and cause additional ionization rates in the polar middle atmosphere. These rates of induced atmospheric ionization lead to the formation of radicals in ion-molecular reactions at the heights of the mesosphere with the formation of reactive compounds of odd nitrogen groups NOy and odd hydrogen groups HOx. These compounds are involved in catalytic reactions that destroy ozone. The percentage of ozone destruction can depend not only intensity of EEP but also on season where it happens. In this work, we study mesospheric ozone depletion depending on seasons and precipitating energetic electrons with energies from keV up to relativistic energies about 1 MeV, based on the NOAA POES satellites observations in 2003. For estimation ozone deplation we use a one-dimensional radiative-convective model with ion chemistry. As one of the main results, we show that, despite the intensity of EEP-induced ionization rates, polar mesospheric ozone cannot be destroyed by EEP in summer in the presence of UV radiation. In winter time, the maximum ozone depletion, at altitude of about 80 km, can reach up to 80% during strong geomagnetic disturbances. In fall and spring, the maximum ozone depletion is less intense and can reach 20% during strong geomagnetic disturbances. Linear relation of EEP induced maximum mesospheric ozone depletion depending on geomagnetic disturbances and seasons have been obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Influence of Solar Cyclicity on the Earth’s Climate)
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15 pages, 2026 KiB  
Article
Non-Thermal Nitric Oxide Formation in the Earth’s Polar Atmosphere
by Valery Shematovich, Dmitry Bisikalo and Grigory Tsurikov
Atmosphere 2023, 14(7), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14071092 - 29 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 806
Abstract
Auroral events are the prominent manifestation of solar/stellar forcing on planetary atmospheres because they are closely related to the stellar energy deposition by and evolution of planetary atmospheres. A numerical kinetic Monte Carlo model was developed with the aim to calculate the steady-state [...] Read more.
Auroral events are the prominent manifestation of solar/stellar forcing on planetary atmospheres because they are closely related to the stellar energy deposition by and evolution of planetary atmospheres. A numerical kinetic Monte Carlo model was developed with the aim to calculate the steady-state energy distribution functions of suprathermal N(4S) atoms in the polar upper atmosphere formed due to the precipitation of high-energy auroral electrons in the N2-O2 atmospheres of rocky planets in solar and exosolar planetary systems. This model describes on the molecular level the collisions of suprathermal N(4S) atoms and atmospheric gas taking into account the stochastic nature of collisional scattering at high kinetic energies. It was found that the electron impact dissociation of N2 is an important source of suprathermal N atoms, significantly increasing the non-thermal production of nitric oxide in the auroral regions of the N2-O2 atmospheres of terrestrial-type planets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Influence of Solar Cyclicity on the Earth’s Climate)
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