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The Interrelationships between Near-Surface Ecological Processes and Air–Sea Exchange of...
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The Interrelationships between Near-Surface Ecological Processes and Air–Sea Exchange of Gases and Particles

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosphere/Hydrosphere/Land–Atmosphere Interactions".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (14 December 2020) | Viewed by 12831

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yoav Lehahn

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory for Cross-Disciplinary Study of Marine Systems, Dr. Moses Strauss Department of Marine Geosciences, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, Haifa 3498838, Israel
Interests: ocean–atmosphere interactions; biophysical interactions; remote sensing; Earth system science
Dr. Eyal Rahav

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
The Rahav Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research Institute, 31080 Haifa, Israel
Interests: primary and bacterial production; airborne bacteria; aerosol microbial ecology; biological oceanography
Dr. Thomas Bell

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
Interests: ocean–atmosphere interactions; surface ocean trace gas biogeochemistry
Dr. Christa A. Marandino

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Interests: tropospheric trace gas chemistry; air/sea exchange; surface ocean biogeochemical cycling; trace gas analysis technique development

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The oceans and atmosphere interact through various physical and biochemical processes, which may greatly affect aquatic ecosystems, atmospheric chemistry, and climate. The exchange of gases and particles between the oceans and the atmosphere affect a substantial number of important components within the Earth System. Air–sea exchange influences atmospheric composition and reactivity, affecting the production of cloud condensation nuclei, ice-nucleating particles, and atmospheric greenhouse gas levels. Air–sea exchange also influences the availability of micro- and macronutrients, global biogeochemical cycles, primary and bacterial productivity, and microbial community composition.

The aim of this Special Issue is to present recent progress in the study of atmosphere–ocean interactions, focusing on the way upper ocean ecology affects and is affected by gas and particle fluxes across the air–seawater interface. Experimental studies (microcosm/mesocosm manipulations), in situ observations, and modeling efforts dealing with these aspects are welcome.

Topics of interest include but are not limited to:

  • Spatial and temporal variability of polluted aerosols and desert dust in the atmosphere;
  • Spatial and temporal variability of airborne prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms;
  • Novel techniques and methods for studying ocean–atmosphere interaction;
  • Response of marine organisms to aerosol or dust deposition;
  • Gas and heat exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere;
  • Sea surface microlayer composition and control of air–sea exchange;
  • Effects of sea-spray on cloud nucleation processes;
  • Consequences and influence of climate change on the synergistic exchanges between atmospheric dust and land–ocean ecosystems.

Dr. Yoav Lehahn
Dr. Eyal Rahav
Dr. Thomas Bell
Dr. Christa A. Marandino
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • air–sea interactions
  • gas exchange
  • marine ecosystem
  • sea surface microlayer
  • marine aerosols
  • climate
  • dust
  • atmospheric nutrients

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 2947 KiB  
Communication
Overlooked Diversity of Ultramicrobacterial Minorities at the Air-Sea Interface
by Janina Rahlff, Helge-Ansgar Giebel, Christian Stolle, Oliver Wurl, Alexander J. Probst and Daniel P. R. Herlemann
Atmosphere 2020, 11(11), 1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111214 - 10 Nov 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4118
Abstract
Members of the Candidate phylum Patescibacteria, also called Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR), are described as ultramicrobacteria with limited metabolic capacities. Wide diversity and relative abundances up to 80% in anaerobic habitats, e.g., in groundwater or sediments are characteristic for Candidatus Patescibacteria. However, only [...] Read more.
Members of the Candidate phylum Patescibacteria, also called Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR), are described as ultramicrobacteria with limited metabolic capacities. Wide diversity and relative abundances up to 80% in anaerobic habitats, e.g., in groundwater or sediments are characteristic for Candidatus Patescibacteria. However, only few studies exist for marine surface water. Here, we report the presence of 40 patescibacterial candidate clades at air-sea interfaces, including the upper water layer, floating foams and the sea-surface microlayer (SML), a < 1 mm layer at the boundary between ocean and atmosphere. Particle-associated (>3 µm) and free-living (3–0.2 µm) samples were obtained from the Jade Bay, North Sea, and 16S rRNA (gene) amplicons were analyzed. Although the abundance of Cand. Patescibacteria representatives were relatively low (<1.3%), members of Cand. Kaiserbacteria and Cand. Gracilibacteria were found in all samples. This suggests profound aerotolerant capacities of these phylogenetic lineages at the air-sea interface. The presence of ultramicrobacteria in the >3 µm fraction implies adhesion to bigger aggregates, potentially in anoxic niches, and a symbiotic lifestyle. Due to their small sizes, Cand. Patescibacteria likely become aerosolized to the atmosphere and dispersed to land with possible implications for affecting microbial communities and associated processes in these ecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interrelationships between Near-Surface Ecological Processes and Air–Sea Exchange of Gases and Particles)
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12 pages, 3102 KiB  
Article
Characteristics of Rain and Sea Spray Droplet Size Distribution at a Marine Tower
by Hiroki Okachi, Tomohito J. Yamada, Yasuyuki Baba and Teruhiro Kubo
Atmosphere 2020, 11(11), 1210; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111210 - 9 Nov 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2497
Abstract
The effects of sea spray on open-ocean rainfall measurements-the drop size distribution (DSD) and rainfall intensities-were studied using a state-of-the-art optical disdrometer. The number of rain droplets less than 1 mm in diameter is affected by several factors, including the type of rainfall [...] Read more.
The effects of sea spray on open-ocean rainfall measurements-the drop size distribution (DSD) and rainfall intensities-were studied using a state-of-the-art optical disdrometer. The number of rain droplets less than 1 mm in diameter is affected by several factors, including the type of rainfall and seasonality. Over the ocean, small rain and large sea spray droplets co-exist in the same diameter size class (0.072 to 1000 mm); hence, sea spray creates uncertainty when seeking to characterize the drop size distribution (DSD) of rain droplets over the ocean. We measured droplet sizes at a marine tower using a state-of-the-art optical disdrometer, a tipping-bucket rain gauge, a wind anemometer, and a time-lapse camera, over a period that included typhoon Krosa of 2019. The number of rain droplets of diameter less than 1 mm increased monotonically as the horizontal wind speed became stronger. Thus, the shape parameter μ of the Ulbrich distribution decreased. This decreasing trend can be recognized as an increase in sea spray. During no-rainfall hours (indicated by rain gauges on the ocean tower and nearby land), sea spray DSDs were obtained at various horizontal wind speeds. Furthermore, the proportions of sea spray to rainfall at different rainfall intensities and horizontal wind speeds were determined; at a horizontal wind speed of 16 to 20 m s−1, the average sea spray proportions were 82.7%, 19.1%, and 5.3% during total rainfall periods of 2.1 mm h−1, 8.9 mm h−1, and 32.1 mm h−1, respectively. Representation of sea spray DSDs, as well as rainfall DSDs, is a key element of calculating real rainfall intensities over the open ocean. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interrelationships between Near-Surface Ecological Processes and Air–Sea Exchange of Gases and Particles)
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19 pages, 4956 KiB  
Article
Distribution and Drivers of Marine Isoprene Concentration across the Southern Ocean
by Pablo Rodríguez-Ros, Pau Cortés, Charlotte Mary Robinson, Sdena Nunes, Christel Hassler, Sarah-Jeanne Royer, Marta Estrada, M. Montserrat Sala and Rafel Simó
Atmosphere 2020, 11(6), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060556 - 27 May 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5703
Abstract
Isoprene is a biogenic trace gas produced by terrestrial vegetation and marine phytoplankton. In the remote oceans, where secondary aerosols are mostly biogenic, marine isoprene emissions affect atmospheric chemistry and influence cloud formation and brightness. Here, we present the first compilation of new [...] Read more.
Isoprene is a biogenic trace gas produced by terrestrial vegetation and marine phytoplankton. In the remote oceans, where secondary aerosols are mostly biogenic, marine isoprene emissions affect atmospheric chemistry and influence cloud formation and brightness. Here, we present the first compilation of new and published measurements of isoprene concentrations in the Southern Ocean and explore their distribution patterns. Surface ocean isoprene concentrations in November through April span 1 to 94 pM. A band of higher concentrations is observed around a latitude of ≈40 ∘ S and a surface sea temperature of 15 ∘ C. High isoprene also occurs in high productivity waters near islands and continental coasts. We use concurrent measurements of physical, chemical, and biological variables to explore the main potential drivers of isoprene concentration by means of paired regressions and multivariate analysis. Isoprene is best explained by phytoplankton-related variables like the concentrations of chlorophyll-a, photoprotective pigments and particulate organic matter, photosynthetic efficiency (influenced by iron availability), and the chlorophyll-a shares of most phytoplankton groups, and not by macronutrients or bacterial abundance. A simple statistical model based on chlorophyll-a concentration and a sea surface temperature discontinuity accounts for half of the variance of isoprene concentrations in surface waters of the Southern Ocean. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interrelationships between Near-Surface Ecological Processes and Air–Sea Exchange of Gases and Particles)
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