Neural Plasticity: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Neurobiology and Clinical Neuroscience".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2026 | Viewed by 2640

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Interests: nervous system; synaptic plasticity; neuropathic pain; drug addiction

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Neuroplasticity is a process that involves adaptive structural and functional changes to the brain. It describes the ability of the nervous system to change its activity in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli by reorganizing its structure, functions, or connections after injuries.

This Special Issue aims to delve into the underlying mechanisms of neural plasticity, including the molecular, cellular, and synaptic processes that drive these changes, as well as the therapeutic implications of understanding neural plasticity, such as potential treatments for neurological disorders, neurorehabilitation strategies, and the development of novel interventions to promote health and recovery. We encourage submissions of both original research articles and comprehensive review articles that bridge scientific discoveries with clinical applications.

Dr. Linlin Sun
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • neural plasticity
  • synaptic plasticity
  • neurogenesis
  • neural regeneration
  • brain injury
  • non-invasive brain stimulation techniques

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

53 pages, 2226 KB  
Review
Probiotics as Modulators of Adult Neurogenesis and Synaptic Plasticity: New Perspectives in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Affective Disorders
by Gilberto Uriel Rosas-Sánchez, León Jesús Germán-Ponciano, María Isabel Pérez-Vega, Oscar Gutiérrez-Coronado, José Luis Muñoz-Carrillo, Alejandro David Soriano-Hernández, Abril Alondra Barrientos-Bonilla, Carmen Gabriela Rosales-Muñoz and Cesar Soria-Fregozo
Biomedicines 2026, 14(3), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030637 - 12 Mar 2026
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Abstract
Affective disorders, such as major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders, represent a major global health burden, with current treatments proving inadequate for a substantial proportion of patients. Emerging research highlights the microbiota–gut–brain (MGB) axis as a crucial bidirectional communication system influencing brain function [...] Read more.
Affective disorders, such as major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders, represent a major global health burden, with current treatments proving inadequate for a substantial proportion of patients. Emerging research highlights the microbiota–gut–brain (MGB) axis as a crucial bidirectional communication system influencing brain function and neuroplasticity through neural, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways. This narrative review examines probiotics—live beneficial microorganisms—as modulators of adult neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity, two processes fundamentally implicated in the pathophysiology of affective disorders. Preclinical evidence demonstrates that specific strains, particularly from the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera, promote hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic function through epigenetic regulation via short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), notably butyrate-mediated histone deacetylase inhibition, modulation of neuroinflammatory pathways, regulation of neurotransmitter receptor expression across glutamatergic, GABAergic, and monoaminergic systems, and production of neuroactive peptides. Clinical evidence from randomized controlled trials and recent meta-analyses indicates that probiotic supplementation produces significant reductions in depressive and anxiety symptoms, with effects correlating to changes in gut microbiota composition and peripheral neuroplasticity biomarkers, particularly brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). However, significant methodological limitations persist, including small sample sizes, lack of standardization in probiotic strains and dosages, inconsistent outcome measures, and considerable interindividual variability. While the mechanistic and clinical evidence is biologically plausible and directionally promising, it is not yet sufficient to support definitive therapeutic recommendations. Future research must prioritize adequately powered clinical trials with standardized consortia, comprehensive multi-omics biomarker panels, and precision psychobiotic strategies guided by microbiome-defined patient stratification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neural Plasticity: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications)
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