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Antioxidants and Trace Elements as a Counterbalance to Oxidative Stress...
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Antioxidants and Trace Elements as a Counterbalance to Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Cell Biology and Pathology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2023) | Viewed by 12775

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Willibald Wonisch

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Guest Editor
Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6 HBK M1/D3, A-8010 Graz, Austria
Interests: oxidative stress; antioxidants; lipid peroxidation; polyphenols; biomarkers; high-throughput screening; histochemistry; antibodies against oxidatively modified epitopes; serum and plasma; essential nutrients; age; gender; metabolic activity; inflammation; prevention and protection against reactive oxygen species; psychiatry; neurology; endocrinology; surgery; intensive care; cardiology; vascular disease; infectious diseases; sport; metabolomics; lipidomics; proteomics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Thanks to basic research and the accompanying development of biomarkers for the detection of free radical-mediated damage, the knowledge on oxidative stress and antioxidants has been extended worldwide. Despite ample scientific evidence, however, its integration in practical medicine has so far been very sparse. For daily life, this might be a lifestyle change, a healthy diet, or a physician-directed supplementation with antioxidants and/or trace elements (micronutrients). For patients, this could be a customized therapy to strengthen the immune system in the context of individualized, integrative medicine. This Special Issue of Biomedicines focuses on recent advances in the research of antioxidants and trace elements in relation to oxidative stress biomarkers in health and disease. In this context, experimental data at the molecular, immunological, and cellular level, reaching from basic research to application-oriented studies, are welcomed. They should stimulate research in this exciting field to develop prevention strategies and early detection to improve the treatment of stress-associated diseases.

Prof. Dr. Willibald Wonisch
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • oxidative stress
  • antioxidants
  • polyphenols
  • trace elements
  • biomarkers
  • gender-related differences
  • sports, health, and disease
  • infectious diseases

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1346 KiB  
Article
A Potential Biomarker for Predicting Schizophrenia: Metallothionein-1
by Seda Yılmaz, Nülüfer Kılıç, Şüheda Kaya and Gülay Taşcı
Biomedicines 2023, 11(2), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020590 - 16 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1657
Abstract
It has been thought that oxidative damage may occur in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia; metallothioneins (MT) have strong antioxidant functions. In this study, we aimed to measure MT-1 levels in schizophrenia patients. A total of 52 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and 38 healthy [...] Read more.
It has been thought that oxidative damage may occur in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia; metallothioneins (MT) have strong antioxidant functions. In this study, we aimed to measure MT-1 levels in schizophrenia patients. A total of 52 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and 38 healthy controls were included in the study. Serum MT-1 concentrations were measured using the Human Metallothionein-1 ELISA Kit. In addition, Cu and Zn levels were measured. PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) was used to determine the disease severity of patients with schizophrenia. The MT-1 levels of the schizophrenia group were lower than the MT-1 levels of the control group. When the correlation analyses were examined, a positive correlation was found between MT-1 and illness duration and Cu/Zn. A negative correlation was found between MT-1 levels and PANSS total scores and PANSS positive scores. In the regression analysis, it was seen that the decrease in MT-1 levels poses a risk for schizophrenia. It was observed that a decrease of 1 ng/mL in MT-1 levels increased the risk of schizophrenia 1.115 times. The low concentration of MT-1 is likely to cause a deficiency in antioxidant defense in patients with schizophrenia. MT-1 may be a useful biomarker for predicting schizophrenia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants and Trace Elements as a Counterbalance to Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease)
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13 pages, 1775 KiB  
Article
Vitamin D-Dimer: A Possible Biomolecule Modulator in Cytotoxic and Phagocytosis Processes?
by Ralf Herwig, Katharina Erlbacher, Amela Ibrahimagic, Mehtap Kacar, Naime Brajshori, Petrit Beqiri and Joachim Greilberger
Biomedicines 2022, 10(8), 1785; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10081785 - 25 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2416
Abstract
Background: Vitamin D3 complexed to deglycosylated vitamin D binding protein (VitD-dgVDBP) is a water-soluble vitamin D dimeric compound (VitD-dgVDBP). It is not clear how VitD-dgVDBP affects circulating monocytes, macrophages, other immune cell systems, including phagocytosis and apoptosis, and the generation of reactive [...] Read more.
Background: Vitamin D3 complexed to deglycosylated vitamin D binding protein (VitD-dgVDBP) is a water-soluble vitamin D dimeric compound (VitD-dgVDBP). It is not clear how VitD-dgVDBP affects circulating monocytes, macrophages, other immune cell systems, including phagocytosis and apoptosis, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared to dgVDBP. Methods: Flow cytometry was used to measure superoxide anion radical (O2*−) levels and macrophage activity in the presence of VitD-dgVDBP or dgVDBP. VitD-dgVDBP was incubated with normal human lymphocytes (nPBMCs), and several clusters of determination (CDs) were estimated. dgVDBP and VitD-dgVDBP apoptosis was estimated on malignant prostatic cells. Results: The macrophage activity was 2.8-fold higher using VitD-dgVDBP (19.8·106 counts) compared to dgVDBP (7.0·106 counts), but O2*− production was 1.8-fold lower in favor of VitD-dgVDBP (355·103 counts) compared to dgVDBP (630·106 counts). The calculated ratio of the radical/macrophage activity was 5-fold lower compared to that of dgVDBP. Only VitD-dgVDBP activated caspase-3 (8%), caspase-9 (13%), and cytochrome-C (11%) on prostatic cancer cells. PE-Cy7-labeled VitD-dgVDBP was found to bind to cytotoxic suppressor cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic and natural killer cells (CD8+), and helper cells (CD4+). After 12 h of co-incubation of nPBMCs with VitD-dgVDBP, significant activation and expression were measured for CD16++/CD16 (0.6 ± 0.1% vs. 0.4 ± 0.1%, p < 0.05), CD45k+ (96.0 ± 6.0% vs. 84.7 ± 9.5%, p < 0.05), CD85k+ (24.3 ± 13.2% vs. 3.8 ± 3.2%, p < 0.05), and CD85k+/CD123+ (46.8 ± 8.1% vs. 3.5 ± 3.7%, p < 0.001) compared to the control experiment. No significant difference was found using CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4/CD8, CD4/CD8, CD16+, CD16++, CD14+, or CD123+. A significant decline in CD14+/CD16+ was obtained in the presence of VitD-dgVDBP (0.7 ± 0.2% vs. 3.1 ± 1.7%; p < 0.01). Conclusion: The newly developed water-soluble VitD3 form VitD-dgVDBP affected cytotoxic suppressor cells by activating the low radical-dependent CD16 pathway and seemed to induce apoptosis in malignant prostatic cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants and Trace Elements as a Counterbalance to Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease)
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14 pages, 939 KiB  
Article
The Antiplatelet Action of S-Nitroso Human Serum Albumin in Whole Blood
by Melina Tsiountsioura, Gerhard Cvirn, Axel Schlagenhauf, Harald Haidl, Kathrin Zischmeier, Nicole Janschitz, Martin Koestenberger, Willibald Wonisch, Margret Paar, Thomas Wagner, Eva-Christine Weiss and Seth Hallström
Biomedicines 2022, 10(3), 649; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10030649 - 11 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1914
Abstract
Nitric oxide donors (NO-donors) have been shown to have therapeutic potential (e.g., ischemia/reperfusion injury). However, due to their release rate/antiplatelet properties, they may cause bleeding in patients. We therefore studied the antiplatelet effects of the two different NO-donors, i.e., S-NO-Human Serum Albumin (S-NO-HSA) [...] Read more.
Nitric oxide donors (NO-donors) have been shown to have therapeutic potential (e.g., ischemia/reperfusion injury). However, due to their release rate/antiplatelet properties, they may cause bleeding in patients. We therefore studied the antiplatelet effects of the two different NO-donors, i.e., S-NO-Human Serum Albumin (S-NO-HSA) and Diethylammonium (Z)-1-(N,N-diethylamino)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (DEA-NONOate) in whole blood (WB) samples. WB samples were spiked with S-NO-HSA or DEA-NONOate (100 µmol/L or 200 µmol/L), and the NO release rate (nitrite/nitrate levels via HPLC) and antiplatelet efficacy (impedance aggregometry, platelet function analyzer, Cone-and-platelet analyzer, thrombelastometry) were assessed. S-NO-HSA had a significantly lower NO release compared to equimolar concentrations of DEA-NONOate. Virtually no antiplatelet action of S-NO-HSA was observed in WB samples, whereas DEA-NONOate significantly attenuated platelet function in WB. Impedance aggregometry measurements revealed that Amplitudes (slope: −0.04022 ± 0.01045 ohm/µmol/L, p = 0.008) and Lag times (slope: 0.6389 ± 0.2075 s/µmol/L, p = 0.0051) were dose-dependently decreased and prolonged by DEA-NONOate. Closure times (Cone-and-platelet analyzer) were dose-dependently prolonged (slope: 0.3738 ± 0.1403 s/µmol/L, p = 0.0174 with collagen/ADP coating; slope: −0.5340 ± 0.1473 s/µmol/L, p = 0.0019 with collagen/epinephrine coating) by DEA-NONOate. These results in WB further support the pharmacological potential of S-NO-HSA as an NO-donor due to its ability to presumably prevent bleeding events even at high concentrations up to 200 µmol/L. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants and Trace Elements as a Counterbalance to Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease)
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18 pages, 2879 KiB  
Article
Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Deliver Resveratrol, Restoring Attenuated Dilation in Small Coronary Arteries, via the AMPK Pathway
by Cai Astley, Chahinez Houacine, Azziza Zaabalawi, Fiona Wilkinson, Adam P. Lightfoot, Yvonne Alexander, Debra Whitehead, Kamalinder K. Singh and May Azzawi
Biomedicines 2021, 9(12), 1852; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9121852 - 7 Dec 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3040
Abstract
Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are an emerging drug delivery platform for improved drug stability and the bioavailability of antihypertensive drugs and vasoprotective nutraceutical compounds, such as resveratrol (RV). The objective of this study was to ascertain NLCs’ potential to deliver RV and restore [...] Read more.
Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are an emerging drug delivery platform for improved drug stability and the bioavailability of antihypertensive drugs and vasoprotective nutraceutical compounds, such as resveratrol (RV). The objective of this study was to ascertain NLCs’ potential to deliver RV and restore attenuated dilator function, using an ex vivo model of acute hypertension. Trimyristin–triolein NLCs were synthesized and loaded with RV. The uptake of RV-NLCs by human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) maintained their viability and reduced both mitochondrial and cytosolic superoxide levels. Acute pressure elevation in isolated coronary arteries significantly attenuated endothelial-dependent dilator responses, which were reversed following incubation in RV-NLCs, superoxide dismutase or apocynin (p < 0.0001). RV-NLCs demonstrated a five-fold increase in potency in comparison to RV solution. At elevated pressure, in the presence of RV-NLCs, incubation with Nω-nitro-l-arginine (L-NNA) or indomethacin resulted in a significant reduction in the restored dilator component (p < 0.0001), whereas apamin and TRAM-34 had no overall effect. Incubation with the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor dorsomorphin significantly attenuated dilator responses (p < 0.001), whereas the SIRT-1 inhibitor EX-527 had no effect. RV-NLCs improved the impaired endothelial-dependent dilation of small coronary arteries, following acute pressure elevation, via NO and downstream COX elements, mediated by AMPK. We suggest that RV-NLCs are an effective delivery modality for improved potency and sustained drug release into the vasculature. Our findings have important implications for the future design and implementation of antihypertensive treatment strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants and Trace Elements as a Counterbalance to Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease)
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Review

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19 pages, 1443 KiB  
Review
Reactive Oxygen Species Enlightened Therapeutic Strategy for Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases—Art of Destruction and Reconstruction
by Yuwei Zhang, Yifei Zhang, Yukun Mei, Rui Zou, Lin Niu and Shaojie Dong
Biomedicines 2022, 10(11), 2905; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10112905 - 11 Nov 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2625
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are byproducts of cell metabolism produced by living cells and signal mediators in biological processes. As unstable and highly reactive oxygen-derived molecules, excessive ROS production and defective oxidant clearance, or both, are associated with the pathogenesis of several conditions. [...] Read more.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are byproducts of cell metabolism produced by living cells and signal mediators in biological processes. As unstable and highly reactive oxygen-derived molecules, excessive ROS production and defective oxidant clearance, or both, are associated with the pathogenesis of several conditions. Among them, ROS are widely involved in oral and maxillofacial diseases, such as periodontitis, as well as other infectious diseases or chronic inflammation, temporomandibular joint disorders, oral mucosal lesions, trigeminal neuralgia, muscle fatigue, and oral cancer. The purpose of this paper is to outline how ROS contribute to the pathophysiology of oral and maxillofacial regions, with an emphasis on oral infectious diseases represented by periodontitis and mucosal diseases represented by oral ulcers and how to effectively utilize and eliminate ROS in these pathological processes, as well as to review recent research on the potential targets and interventions of cutting-edge antioxidant materials. The PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were searched using the MesH terms “oral and maxillofacial diseases”, “reactive oxygen species”, and “antioxidant materials”. Irrelevant, obsolete, imprecise, and repetitive articles were excluded through screening of titles, abstracts, and eventually full content. The full-text data of the selected articles are, therefore, summarized using selection criteria. While there are various emerging biomaterials used as drugs themselves or delivery systems, more attention was paid to antioxidant drugs with broad application prospects and rigorous prophase animal experimental results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants and Trace Elements as a Counterbalance to Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease)
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