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Biomedicines
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Advanced Research in Anticancer Inhibitors and Targeted Therapy
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Advanced Research in Anticancer Inhibitors and Targeted Therapy

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Drug Discovery, Development and Delivery".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2026 | Viewed by 7305

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Changmin Peng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
Interests: histone deacetylases (HDACs); YAP signaling; drug resistance in cancer; protein O-GlcNAcylation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Hassan Ebrahim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Louisiana Campus, Monroe, LA 71203, USA
Interests: drug discovery; cancer pharmacology; novel molecular targets; herbal medicine
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Rapidly advancing targeted cancer therapy has significantly improved treatment efficacy by selectively inhibiting oncogenic signaling pathways. Among these, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, and immune checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated remarkable potential in both preclinical and clinical studies. However, the emergence of drug resistance, tumor heterogeneity, and adverse side effects pose substantial challenges to their clinical application.

This Special Issue aims to explore novel anticancer inhibitors, their molecular mechanisms, and potential combination strategies to overcome resistance, seeking to provide novel insights into improving the effectiveness and durability of targeted cancer therapies. We welcome original research and review articles focusing on epigenetic therapy, small-molecule inhibitors, immune-based treatments, and new therapeutic targets. Studies employing biochemical, molecular, and cellular approaches to investigate drug efficacy, biomarker discovery, and resistance mechanisms are highly encouraged.

Dr. Changmin Peng
Dr. Hassan Ebrahim
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • histone deacetylases (HDACs)
  • YAP signaling
  • targeted therapy
  • oncogenic signaling
  • biomarker discovery
  • small-molecule inhibitors
  • cancer drug resistance
  • epigenetic therapy

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

26 pages, 14751 KB  
Article
Pan-Cancer Prognostic Analysis of NMDAR Genes Discovered Therapeutic Implications of Neuronal–Cancer Crosstalk Mediator GRIN2A for Small Cell Lung Cancer
by Jiaxun Zhang, Akezhouli Shahatiaili, Yuhan Hou, Ning Zhou, Ke Huang, Xiaojun Wang, Dongmei Wang, Zhentao Yu, Xiaoli Feng and Yibo Gao
Biomedicines 2026, 14(6), 1196; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14061196 - 25 May 2026
Viewed by 174
Abstract
Background: As the most lethal neuroendocrine tumor, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) can drive its progression by hijacking neuronal mechanisms. At the core of this neural integration is the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) complex. However, its pan-cancer expression and clinical significance in SCLC remain [...] Read more.
Background: As the most lethal neuroendocrine tumor, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) can drive its progression by hijacking neuronal mechanisms. At the core of this neural integration is the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) complex. However, its pan-cancer expression and clinical significance in SCLC remain poorly understood. Methods: We characterized NMDAR transcriptomic profiles across human cancers to develop the NMDAscore, and analyzed three independent European and Asian SCLC cohorts to identify prognostic biomarkers. Furthermore, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of GRIN2A and evaluated the efficacy of GluN2 inhibitors. Results: The developed NMDAscore exhibited significant prognostic correlations in ACC, COAD, KIRC, UVM, KIRP, OV, PCPG, UCS, THCA, THYM, HNSC, KICH, LGG, and PAAD. Focusing on the SCLC cohorts, we identified GRIN2A (encoding the GluN2A subunit) as a statistically relevant prognostic biomarker associated with poor survival. Mechanistically, GRIN2A upregulation correlates with the activation of neuro-synaptic signaling, metabolic reprogramming, genomic instability, and an immune-cold microenvironment characterized by CD8+ T cell exclusion. Pharmacological inhibition of GluN2 using dizocilpine and the FDA-approved antagonist memantine suppressed SCLC proliferation and tumorigenicity in vitro, in 3D tumor spheroids and in vivo xenograft models. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings establish GRIN2A as a prognostic biomarker, linking synaptic hijacking, metabolic plasticity, immune evasion, and drug resistance, and identify the therapeutic potentials of the GluN2 inhibitors dizocilpine and memantine for SCLC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Anticancer Inhibitors and Targeted Therapy)
23 pages, 20877 KB  
Article
Development of Type II Glucose Transporter Inhibitors: Phloretin as a GLUT-2 Screening Template from In Silico Modeling to In Vitro Assessment
by Worarat Boonpech, Pemikar Srifa, Dhassida Sooksawat, Praopim Limsakul, Jirakrit Saetang, Varomyalin Tipmanee, Krit Charupanit, Chaitong Churuangsuk and Kantida Juncheed
Biomedicines 2026, 14(5), 1166; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14051166 - 21 May 2026
Viewed by 260
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) exhibits enhanced glycolytic activity, primarily facilitated by Class I glucose transporters (GLUTs), particularly GLUT-2. Phloretin, a natural polyphenol, is known to modulate glucose transport; however, its isoform-specific interactions and functional impact on HCC metabolism remain unclear. This study compared [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) exhibits enhanced glycolytic activity, primarily facilitated by Class I glucose transporters (GLUTs), particularly GLUT-2. Phloretin, a natural polyphenol, is known to modulate glucose transport; however, its isoform-specific interactions and functional impact on HCC metabolism remain unclear. This study compared phloretin’s inhibitory effects on glucose uptake in HCC cells versus normal liver cell models and assessed its binding affinity across Class I GLUTs using molecular docking. Methods: Cytotoxicity was evaluated in HepG2 (HCC) and THLE-2 (normal hepatocyte) cells using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays to determine biologically relevant concentrations. Glucose uptake at sub-cytotoxic levels was quantified using the fluorescent analog 2-(N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)Amino)-2-Deoxyglucose. To elucidate the molecular mechanism, in silico docking simulations were performed to compare the binding affinities of phloretin, glucose, and reference inhibitors (glutor and cytochalasin B) with the outward-facing conformations of GLUT-1 through GLUT-4. Results: Phloretin induced dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity, with HepG2 cells exhibiting significantly higher sensitivity than THLE-2 cells. Functionally, phloretin markedly reduced glucose uptake in HepG2 cells, whereas THLE-2 cells showed minimal inhibition. Molecular docking revealed that phloretin occupies the central substrate-binding cavity of Class I GLUTs, forming its most stable interaction network with GLUT-2. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that phloretin selectively inhibits glucose uptake in liver cancer cells, likely through its high-affinity interaction with GLUT-2. Collectively, these findings highlight phloretin’s potential as a metabolic therapeutic agent and support GLUT-2 as a viable target for HCC intervention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Anticancer Inhibitors and Targeted Therapy)
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18 pages, 1237 KB  
Article
Development and Validation of an SPE–LC–MS Method for the Determination of Epirubicin, Olaparib and Ribociclib in Human Serum
by Monica Denisa Elena Popescu, Costel-Valentin Manda, Octavian Croitoru, Daniela-Maria Calucică, Johny Neamțu, Andrei Biță, Amelia Maria Găman and Simona-Daniela Neamțu
Biomedicines 2026, 14(4), 848; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14040848 - 8 Apr 2026
Viewed by 582
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Epirubicin, Olaparib, and Ribociclib are widely used anticancer agents whose serum concentrations exhibit significant inter-individual variability, supporting the need for reliable and robust analytical methods suitable for pharmacokinetic evaluation and therapeutic exposure assessment. Variations in metabolism, drug–drug interactions, organ function, and [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Epirubicin, Olaparib, and Ribociclib are widely used anticancer agents whose serum concentrations exhibit significant inter-individual variability, supporting the need for reliable and robust analytical methods suitable for pharmacokinetic evaluation and therapeutic exposure assessment. Variations in metabolism, drug–drug interactions, organ function, and treatment regimens may substantially influence systemic exposure, highlighting the importance of accurate quantification in clinical practice. This study describes the development and validation of a solid-phase extraction–liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPE–LC–MS) method for the simultaneous quantification of these drugs in human serum. Methods: Sample preparation was performed using Oasis PRiME HLB® cartridges to ensure efficient clean-up, optimal recovery, and reduced matrix effects. Chromatographic separation was achieved using gradient elution with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile on a reversed-phase column, followed by single-quadrupole mass spectrometric (QDa) detection in the selected ion recording mode. The total run time was 13 min, enabling high-throughput analysis. Results: The method demonstrated good linearity (r > 0.997) over the tested concentration ranges, along with adequate selectivity, precision, accuracy, recovery, and stability, fulfilling the ICH M10 guideline validation criteria. No significant carry-over or interference from endogenous compounds was observed. Conclusions: Application to patient samples confirmed reliable performance in real clinical matrices and consistent quantification across different concentration levels. The proposed approach provides a potentially more accessible alternative in laboratories already equipped with LC-MS systems compared to LC-MS/MS platforms and can be applied in pharmacokinetic studies, representing a proof-of-concept for exposure assessment in oncology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Anticancer Inhibitors and Targeted Therapy)
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18 pages, 13244 KB  
Article
Environmental Lead Promotes Breast Cancer Migration and Invasion via the AKR1C3–NF-κB–MMP Axis
by Jiwei Liu, Yanli Ding, Lu Qiao, Ruonan Meng, Shuo Shi, Yingyue Zhang, Yang Liu, Shujun Liu, Ying Liu, Xiaoying He, Libing Ma and Guojun Liu
Biomedicines 2026, 14(2), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14020286 - 27 Jan 2026
Viewed by 851
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Environmental exposure to heavy metals is an established risk factor for breast cancer development; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the contribution of lead (Pb) to disease progression remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Pb exposure on breast cancer [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Environmental exposure to heavy metals is an established risk factor for breast cancer development; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the contribution of lead (Pb) to disease progression remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Pb exposure on breast cancer cells and to delineate the associated mechanisms. Methods: We examined Pb-induced migration and invasion of breast cancer cells using wound-healing and Transwell assays; assessed cell proliferation by flow cytometry and MTT assay; identified potential target genes via RNA sequencing; and further elucidated the underlying mechanisms using integrated molecular biology approaches (including immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and ELISA), functional cellular assays, and bioinformatics analysis. Results: Pb exposure significantly enhanced the migratory and invasive capabilities of breast cancer cells by upregulating aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3), without markedly affecting cell proliferation. Mechanistically, AKR1C3 promoted migration and invasion through activation of NF-κB signaling, leading to upregulated expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Conclusions: This study reveals a novel molecular axis—Pb exposure promotes breast cancer cell migration and invasion via the AKR1C3–NF-κB–MMP-2/MMP-9 pathway—and identifies AKR1C3 as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer associated with environmental heavy metal exposure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Anticancer Inhibitors and Targeted Therapy)
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12 pages, 616 KB  
Article
The Central Role of Liver Function at Treatment Initiation and Its Preservation at Progression for Post-Progression Survival After Atezolizumab Plus Bevacizumab in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma
by Mizuki Ariga, Teiji Kuzuya, Hisanori Muto, Yoshihiko Tachi, Mariko Kobayashi, Hijiri Sugiyama, Sayaka Morisaki, Gakushi Komura, Takuji Nakano, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Kazunori Nakaoka, Eizaburo Ohno, Kohei Funasaka, Mitsuo Nagasaka, Ryoji Miyahara and Yoshiki Hirooka
Biomedicines 2026, 14(1), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14010232 - 21 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 623
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (Atz+Bev) is widely used for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), yet predictors of post-progression survival (PPS), a clinically meaningful endpoint reflecting the feasibility of treatment sequencing, remain unclear. We aimed to identify determinants of PPS and factors associated with [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (Atz+Bev) is widely used for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), yet predictors of post-progression survival (PPS), a clinically meaningful endpoint reflecting the feasibility of treatment sequencing, remain unclear. We aimed to identify determinants of PPS and factors associated with successful transition to subsequent therapy after progressive disease (PD) on Atz+Bev. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 132 patients with HCC who initiated Atz+Bev with Child–Pugh A and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) 0/1. PPS was defined as survival from radiological PD to death; tumor response was assessed by RECIST v1.1. Results: Among 132 patients treated with Atz+Bev, median progression-free and overall survival were 9.2 and 21.2 months. PD occurred in 97 patients, with a median PPS of 9.2 months. At PD, 76 patients (78.4%) maintained both Child–Pugh A and ECOG PS 0/1; 93.4% of these patients transitioned to subsequent therapy, compared with 38.0% of patients who did not maintain Child–Pugh A and ECOG PS 0/1. The median PPS values were 14.7 and 2.0 months, respectively (p < 0.0001). In this PD cohort, disease control achieved with subsequent therapy after radiological PD was associated with longer PPS (16.1 vs. 5.0 mosnths; p = 0.0002). ECOG PS 0, Child–Pugh A, absence of portal vein invasion, and AFP < 400 ng/mL at PD independently predicted prolonged PPS. A baseline Child–Pugh score of 5 independently predicted preservation of Child–Pugh A and ECOG PS 0/1 at PD. Conclusions: Initiating Atz+Bev under optimal liver function (Child–Pugh 5) and preserving hepatic reserve and performance status through progression are critical for enabling subsequent therapy and achieving longer PPS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Anticancer Inhibitors and Targeted Therapy)
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19 pages, 7292 KB  
Article
Association of HTR1F with Prognosis, Tumor Immune Microenvironment, and Drug Sensitivity in Cancer: A Multi-Omics Perspective
by Yanjun Gao, Ziyue Zhang, Dafu Ye, Qingqing Li, Yingmei Wen, Shaowen Ma, Bo Zheng, Lei Chen and Yi Yao
Biomedicines 2025, 13(9), 2238; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13092238 - 11 Sep 2025
Viewed by 1117
Abstract
Background: HTR1F (5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 1F) encodes a G protein-coupled receptor involved in serotonin signaling. Although dysregulated HTR1F expression has been implicated in certain malignancies, its biological functions and clinical significance across cancer types remain largely unexplored. Methods: We performed an integrative pan-cancer [...] Read more.
Background: HTR1F (5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 1F) encodes a G protein-coupled receptor involved in serotonin signaling. Although dysregulated HTR1F expression has been implicated in certain malignancies, its biological functions and clinical significance across cancer types remain largely unexplored. Methods: We performed an integrative pan-cancer analysis of transcriptomic and pharmacogenomic datasets covering 34 cancer types (PAN-CAN cohort, N = 19,131; normal tissues, G = 60,499). Drug sensitivity and molecular docking analyses were conducted using the GSCALite database. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network of HTR1F was constructed via the STRING database. Additionally, we evaluated the effects of HTR1F overexpression on proliferation and invasion in human lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) cell lines NCI-H520 and NCI-H226. Results: HTR1F expression was significantly upregulated in 17 cancer types and was associated with poor prognosis, with LUSC showing an AUC of 0.912 for 1-year survival prediction. In LUSC, 695 genes were upregulated and 67 downregulated in response to HTR1F overexpression. HTR1F expression correlated with immune-related genes, immune checkpoints, tumor-infiltrating immune cells, tumor mutation burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), and drug responses. Genomic alterations, including amplification and deletion, were positively associated with HTR1F expression. Drug sensitivity analysis identified compounds such as sotrastaurin (−10.2 kcal/mol), austocystin D (−9.7 kcal/mol), and tivozanib (−9.3 kcal/mol) as potentially effective inhibitors based on predicted binding affinity. Functional enrichment analyses (GO, KEGG) and GSEA revealed that HTR1F is primarily involved in cell cycle regulation, DNA replication, cellular senescence, and immune-related pathways. Functional validation showed that HTR1F overexpression promotes proliferation of LUSC cells via the MAPK signaling pathway. Conclusions: Our integrative analysis highlights HTR1F as a potential biomarker associated with prognosis, immune modulation, and drug sensitivity across multiple cancer types. These findings provide a foundation for future experimental and clinical studies to explore HTR1F-targeted therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Anticancer Inhibitors and Targeted Therapy)
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12 pages, 693 KB  
Article
Efficacy and Safety of the Combination of Durvalumab Plus Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Patients with Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer: A Real-World Retrospective Cohort Study
by Eishin Kurihara, Satoru Kakizaki, Masashi Ijima, Takeshi Hatanaka, Norio Kubo, Yuhei Suzuki, Hidetoshi Yasuoka, Takashi Hoshino, Atsushi Naganuma, Noriyuki Tani, Yuichi Yamazaki and Toshio Uraoka
Biomedicines 2025, 13(8), 1915; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081915 - 6 Aug 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2882
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The TOPAZ-1 phase III trial reported a survival benefit of using durvalumab, an anti-programmed death ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1) antibody, in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin (GCD) treatment in patients with advanced biliary tract cancer. This retrospective study investigated the efficacy and [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The TOPAZ-1 phase III trial reported a survival benefit of using durvalumab, an anti-programmed death ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1) antibody, in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin (GCD) treatment in patients with advanced biliary tract cancer. This retrospective study investigated the efficacy and safety of GCD treatment for advanced biliary tract cancer in real-world conditions. Methods: The study subjects were 52 patients with biliary tract cancer who received GCD therapy between January 2023 and May 2024. The observation parameters included the modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS), neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet–lymphocyte ratio (PLR), tumor markers (CEA, CA19-9), overall response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and adverse events. Results: The cohort included 36 men and 16 women, with a median age of 73.0 years. There were 36 cases of cholangiocarcinoma (distal: 10, perihilar: 19, intrahepatic: 7), 13 cases of gallbladder cancer, and 3 cases of ampullary carcinoma. The stages were locally advanced in 30 cases and metastatic in 22 cases. Biliary drainage was performed in 30 cases. There were 38 cases receiving first-line therapy and 14 cases receiving second-line or later treatments. The median values at the start of GCD therapy were ALB 3.7 g/dL, CRP 0.39 mg/dL, NLR 2.4, PLR 162.5, CEA 4.8 ng/mL, and CA19-9 255.9 U/mL. The mGPS distribution was 0:23 cases, 1:18 cases, and 2:11 cases. The treatment outcomes were ORR 25.0% (CR 2 cases, PR 11 cases), DCR 78.8% (SD 28 cases, PD 10 cases, NE 1 case), median PFS 8.6 months, and median OS 13.9 months. The PLR was suggested to be useful for predicting PFS. A decrease in CEA at six weeks after the start of treatment was a significant predictor of PFS and OS. Gallbladder cancer had a significantly poorer prognosis compared to other cancers. The immune-related adverse events included hypothyroidism in two cases, cholangitis in one case, and colitis in one case. Conclusions: The ORR, DCR, and PFS were comparable to those in the TOPAZ-1 trial. Although limited by its retrospective design and small sample size, this study suggests that GCD therapy is an effective treatment regimen for unresectable biliary tract cancer in real-world clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Anticancer Inhibitors and Targeted Therapy)
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