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Biomedicines
Special Issues
Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Diseases
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Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Diseases

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Cell Biology and Pathology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2022) | Viewed by 31428

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Marco Gentile

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Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
Interests: aterosclerosis; lipoprotein A; small dense LDL; cardiovascular disease; apolipoprotein B
Dr. Gabriella Iannuzzo

E-Mail
Guest Editor
Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
Interests: homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Lipoproteins are lipid transport molecules that transport plasma lipids and represent risk factors for cardiovascular disease and other metabolic diseases. Understanding lipoproteins and the different ways in which to manipulate their metabolism is an essential step for preventing cardiovascular disease and morbidity in the general population.

The aim of this Special Issue is to provide an update on the latest experimental research focused on lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease, including recent therapeutic strategies for lowering LDL cholesterol or lipoprotein a.

We welcome papers focused on lipoproteins (small dense LDL, apolipoprotein B, lipoprotein a) and cardiovascular disease, including reviews and experimental studies.

Dr. Marco Gentile
Dr. Gabriella Iannuzzo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • lipoproteins
  • atherosclerosis
  • cardiovascular disease
  • anti-cholesterol drugs

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 1051 KiB  
Article
Plasma Lipoprotein(a) Levels as Determinants of Arterial Stiffening in Hypertension
by Gabriele Brosolo, Andrea Da Porto, Luca Bulfone, Antonio Vacca, Nicole Bertin, Gianluca Colussi, Alessandro Cavarape, Leonardo A. Sechi and Cristiana Catena
Biomedicines 2021, 9(11), 1510; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9111510 - 20 Oct 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2177
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that plasma lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) plays an important role in the development of hypertensive organ damage. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship of Lp(a) with markers of arterial stiffening in hypertension. In 138 essential hypertensive [...] Read more.
Previous studies have shown that plasma lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) plays an important role in the development of hypertensive organ damage. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship of Lp(a) with markers of arterial stiffening in hypertension. In 138 essential hypertensive patients free of diabetes, renal failure and cardiovascular complications, we measured plasma lipids and assessed vascular stiffness through the use of pulse wave analysis and calculation of the brachial augmentation index (AIx), and measured the pulse wave velocity (PWV). Plasma Lp(a) levels were significantly and directly related to both AIx (r = 0.490; p < 0.001) and PWV (r = 0.212; p = 0.013). Multiple regression analysis showed that AIx was independently correlated with age, C-reactive protein, and plasma Lp(a) (beta 0.326; p < 0.001), while PWV was independently and directly correlated with age, and inversely with HDL, but not with plasma Lp(a). Logistic regression indicated that plasma Lp(a) could predict an AIx value above the median for the distribution (p = 0.026). Thus, in a highly selective group of patients with hypertension, plasma Lp(a) levels were significantly and directly related to markers of vascular stiffening. Because of the relevance of vascular stiffening to cardiovascular risk, the reduction of Lp(a) levels might be beneficial for cardiovascular protection in patients with hypertension. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Diseases)
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Review

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11 pages, 1427 KiB  
Review
Small Dense LDL: Scientific Background, Clinical Relevance, and Recent Evidence Still a Risk Even with ‘Normal’ LDL-C Levels
by Harold Superko and Brenda Garrett
Biomedicines 2022, 10(4), 829; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10040829 - 1 Apr 2022
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 6814
Abstract
Residual cardiovascular disease event risk, following statin use and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction, remains an important and common medical conundrum. Identifying patients with significant residual risk, despite statin drug use, is an unmet clinical need. One pathophysiologic disorder that contributes to residual [...] Read more.
Residual cardiovascular disease event risk, following statin use and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction, remains an important and common medical conundrum. Identifying patients with significant residual risk, despite statin drug use, is an unmet clinical need. One pathophysiologic disorder that contributes to residual risk is abnormal distribution in lipoprotein size and density, which is referred to as lipoprotein heterogeneity. Differences in low density lipoprotein (LDL) composition and size have been linked to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk and arteriographic disease progression. The clinical relevance has been investigated in numerous trials since the 1950s. Despite this long history, controversy remains regarding the clinical utility of LDL heterogeneity measurement. Recent clinical trial evidence reinforces the relevance of LDL heterogeneity measurement and the impact on CHD risk prediction and outcomes. The determination of LDL subclass distribution improves CHD risk prediction and guides appropriate treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Diseases)
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18 pages, 356 KiB  
Review
Is a High HDL-Cholesterol Level Always Beneficial?
by Beata Franczyk, Jacek Rysz, Janusz Ławiński, Magdalena Rysz-Górzyńska and Anna Gluba-Brzózka
Biomedicines 2021, 9(9), 1083; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091083 - 25 Aug 2021
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 7440
Abstract
The specific interest concerning HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) is related to its ability to uptake and return surplus cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver and, therefore, to its role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction, but [...] Read more.
The specific interest concerning HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) is related to its ability to uptake and return surplus cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver and, therefore, to its role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction, but also transient ischemic attack and stroke. Previous epidemiological studies have indicated that HDL-C concentration is inversely associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease and that it can be used for risk prediction. Some genetic disorders are characterized by markedly elevated levels of HDL-C; however, they do not translate into diminished cardiovascular risk. The search of the potential causative relationship between HDL-C and adverse events has shifted the attention of researchers towards the composition and function of the HDL molecule/subfractions. HDL possesses various cardioprotective properties. However, currently, it appears that higher HDL-C is not necessarily protective against cardiovascular disease, but it can even be harmful in extremely high quantities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Diseases)
14 pages, 533 KiB  
Review
Lipoprotein(a) Where Do We Stand? From the Physiopathology to Innovative Terapy
by Gabriella Iannuzzo, Maria Tripaldella, Vania Mallardo, Mena Morgillo, Nicoletta Vitelli, Arcangelo Iannuzzi, Emilio Aliberti, Francesco Giallauria, Anna Tramontano, Raffaele Carluccio, Ilenia Calcaterra, Matteo Nicola Dario Di Minno and Marco Gentile
Biomedicines 2021, 9(7), 838; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9070838 - 19 Jul 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3769
Abstract
A number of epidemiologic studies have demonstrated a strong association between increasing lipoprotein a [Lp(a)] and cardiovascular disease. This correlation was demonstrated independent of other known cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. Screening for Lp(a) in the general population is not recommended, although Lp(a) levels [...] Read more.
A number of epidemiologic studies have demonstrated a strong association between increasing lipoprotein a [Lp(a)] and cardiovascular disease. This correlation was demonstrated independent of other known cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. Screening for Lp(a) in the general population is not recommended, although Lp(a) levels are predominantly genetically determined so a single assessment is needed to identify patients at risk. In 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines recommend Lp(a) measurement at least once a lifetime, fo subjects at very high and high CV risk and those with a family history of premature cardiovascular disease, to reclassify patients with borderline risk. As concerning medications, statins play a key role in lipid lowering therapy, but present poor efficacy on Lp(a) levels. Actually, treatment options for elevated serum levels of Lp(a) are very limited. Apheresis is the most effective and well tolerated treatment in patients with high levels of Lp(a). However, promising new therapies, in particular antisense oligonucleotides have showed to be able to significantly reduce Lp(a) in phase II RCT. This review provides an overview of the biology and epidemiology of Lp(a), with a view to future therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Diseases)
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15 pages, 2662 KiB  
Review
Unraveling the Complexity of HDL Remodeling: On the Hunt to Restore HDL Quality
by Leonie Schoch, Lina Badimon and Gemma Vilahur
Biomedicines 2021, 9(7), 805; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9070805 - 12 Jul 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2765
Abstract
Increasing evidence has cast doubt over the HDL-cholesterol hypothesis. The complexity of the HDL particle and its proven susceptibility to remodel has paved the way for intense molecular investigation. This state-of-the-art review discusses the molecular changes in HDL particles that help to explain [...] Read more.
Increasing evidence has cast doubt over the HDL-cholesterol hypothesis. The complexity of the HDL particle and its proven susceptibility to remodel has paved the way for intense molecular investigation. This state-of-the-art review discusses the molecular changes in HDL particles that help to explain the failure of large clinical trials intending to interfere with HDL metabolism, and details the chemical modifications and compositional changes in HDL-forming components, as well as miRNA cargo, that render HDL particles ineffective. Finally, the paper discusses the challenges that need to be overcome to shed a light of hope on HDL-targeted approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Diseases)
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14 pages, 688 KiB  
Review
Carotid Atherosclerosis, Ultrasound and Lipoproteins
by Arcangelo Iannuzzi, Paolo Rubba, Marco Gentile, Vania Mallardo, Ilenia Calcaterra, Alessandro Bresciani, Giuseppe Covetti, Gianluigi Cuomo, Pasquale Merone, Anna Di Lorenzo, Roberta Alfieri, Emilio Aliberti, Francesco Giallauria, Matteo Nicola Dario Di Minno and Gabriella Iannuzzo
Biomedicines 2021, 9(5), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9050521 - 6 May 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3983
Abstract
Carotid artery plaques are considered a measure of atherosclerosis and are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, particularly ischemic strokes. Monitoring of patients with an elevated risk of stroke is critical in developing better prevention strategies. Non-invasive imaging allows us [...] Read more.
Carotid artery plaques are considered a measure of atherosclerosis and are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, particularly ischemic strokes. Monitoring of patients with an elevated risk of stroke is critical in developing better prevention strategies. Non-invasive imaging allows us to directly see atherosclerosis in vessels and many features that are related to plaque vulnerability. A large body of evidence has demonstrated a strong correlation between some lipid parameters and carotid atherosclerosis. In this article, we review the relationship between lipids and atherosclerosis with a focus on carotid ultrasound, the most common method to estimate atherosclerotic load. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Diseases)
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Other

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7 pages, 470 KiB  
Brief Report
Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update on the Clinical Significance of Atherogenic Small, Dense LDL and New Therapeutical Options
by Ali A. Rizvi, Anca Pantea Stoian, Andrej Janez and Manfredi Rizzo
Biomedicines 2021, 9(11), 1579; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9111579 - 29 Oct 2021
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 3221
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a potent risk factor for the genesis and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and both the concentration and type of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) augment this association. The small, dense LDL (sdLDL) subfraction is the subtype which is most strongly predictive of [...] Read more.
Dyslipidemia is a potent risk factor for the genesis and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and both the concentration and type of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) augment this association. The small, dense LDL (sdLDL) subfraction is the subtype which is most strongly predictive of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. In addition to the traditionally available lipid-lowering treatment options, certain novel therapies have been shown to favorably impact sdLDL, among them the antidiabetic class of agents known as glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RAs). These drugs seem to alter the pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for the formation and accumulation of atherogenic lipoprotein particles, thus potentially reducing cardiovascular outcomes. They represent a uniquely targeted therapeutic approach to reduce cardiometabolic risk and warrant further study for their beneficial nonglycemic actions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Diseases)
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