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2D Materials (Graphene, Carbon Nitride and MXenes, etc.)—Based Advanced Functional Catalysts for Biosensor and Biofuel Cell Applications

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A special issue of Biosensors (ISSN 2079-6374). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosensor Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 February 2025 | Viewed by 8112

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Khursheed Ahmad

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Guest Editor

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
Interests: 2D materials; sensors; biosensors; photovoltaics; smart windows; electrochromic device
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recently, two dimensional (2D) materials such as graphitic carbon nitride, graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), black phosphorus (phosphorene), and metal carbides/nitrides MXenes have received enormous attention because of their excellent optoelectronic and physiochemical properties. These 2D materials are composed of a single layer or a few layers of atoms arranged in a two-dimensional structure. The high surface area of 2D materials expands their potential applications for various electrochemical-related devices such as energy storage, biosensors, glucose biofuel cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, and hydrogen/oxygen evolution reactions. These 2D materials have been widely used as conductive supports to improve the conductivity and catalytic properties of poorly semiconducting materials. Hybrid composites consisting of 2D materials may have boosted electro-catalytic properties and have been widely used as electro-catalytic materials for the fabrication of biosensors, sensors (of glucose, dopamine, phenol, nitrophenol, hydrazine, urea, ascorbic acid, nitride, hydrogen peroxide, nitrobenzene, biomolecules, and other toxic compounds), and biofuel cells. This Special Issue is focused on 2D materials for sensors, biosensors, biofuel cells, and other electrochemical-related applications. Original research articles (theoretical or experimental) and review articles addressing recent advances in the field of 2D materials-based electrochemical- and energy-related applications are welcome.

Dr. Khursheed Ahmad
Guest Editor

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biosensors is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

2D materials
graphene
titanium carbide
dye sensitized solar cells
biosensors
sensors
HER
OER
biofuel cells
electrochemical devices

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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17 pages, 7116 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Mechanism and Properties of a Self-Powered H₂O₂ Electrochemical Sensor Based on a Fuel Cell Configuration with FePc and Graphene Cathode Catalyst Materials

by Yunong Zhang, Andreas Offenhäusser and Yulia Mourzina

Biosensors 2024, 14(6), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14060290 - 4 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3821 | Correction

Abstract

Conventional electrochemical sensors use voltammetric and amperometric methods with external power supply and modulation systems, which hinder the flexibility and application of the sensors. To avoid the use of an external power system and to minimize the number of electrochemical cell components, a self-powered electrochemical sensor (SPES) for hydrogen peroxide was investigated here. Iron phthalocyanine, an enzyme mimetic material, and Ni were used as a cathode catalyst and an anode material, respectively. The properties of the iron phthalocyanine catalyst modified by graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were investigated. Open circuit potential tests demonstrated the feasibility of this system. The GNP-modulated interface helped to solve the problems of aggregation and poor conductivity of iron phthalocyanine and allowed for the achievement of the best analytical characteristics of the self-powered H₂O₂ sensor with a low detection limit of 0.6 µM and significantly higher sensitivity of 0.198 A/(M·cm²) due to the enhanced electrochemical properties. The SPES demonstrated the best performance at pH 3.0 compared to pH 7.4 and 12.0. The sensor characteristics under the control of external variable load resistances are discussed and the cell showed the highest power density of 65.9 μW/cm² with a 20 kOhm resistor. The practical applicability of this method was verified by the determination of H₂O₂ in blood serum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials (Graphene, Carbon Nitride and MXenes, etc.)—Based Advanced Functional Catalysts for Biosensor and Biofuel Cell Applications)

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13 pages, 6664 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of an Azithromycin Sensor

by Theophile Niyitanga, Mohd Quasim Khan, Khursheed Ahmad and Rais Ahmad Khan

Biosensors 2023, 13(11), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13110986 - 16 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1696

Abstract

Azithromycin (AZY) is a well-known top-prioritized antibiotic and is used by humans in strong concentrations. However, the side effects of the AZY antibiotic may cause some serious and significant damage to humans and the environment. Thus, there is a need to develop effective and sensitive sensors to monitor accurate concentrations of AZY. In the last decade, electrochemistry-based sensors have received enormous attention from the scientific community because of their high sensitivity, selectivity, cost-effectiveness, fast response, rapid detection response, simple fabrication, and working principle. It is important to mention that electrochemical sensors rely on the properties of electrode modifiers. Hence, the selection of electrode materials is of great significance when designing and developing efficient and robust electrochemical sensors. In this study, we fabricated an AZY sensor by utilizing a molybdenum disulfide/titanium aluminum carbide (MoS₂@Ti₃AlC₂) composite as the electrode material. The MoS₂@Ti₃AlC₂ composite was synthesized via a simple sonication process. The synthesized MoS₂@Ti₃AlC₂ composite was characterized using a powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) method to examine the phase purity and formation of the MoS₂@Ti₃AlC₂ composite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the surface morphological features of the prepared MoS₂@Ti₃AlC₂ composite, whereas energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) was adopted to determine the elemental composition of the prepared MoS₂@Ti₃AlC₂ composite. The glassy carbon (GC) electrode was modified with the prepared MoS₂@Ti₃AlC₂ composite and applied as the AZY sensor. The sensing performance of the MoS₂@Ti₃AlC₂ composite-modified GC electrode was studied using linear sweep voltammetry. The sensor demonstrated excellent performance when determining AZY and showed a good detection limit of 0.009 µM with a sensitivity of 6.77 µA/µM.cm². Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials (Graphene, Carbon Nitride and MXenes, etc.)—Based Advanced Functional Catalysts for Biosensor and Biofuel Cell Applications)

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14 pages, 6338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MoS₂/S@g-CN Composite Electrode for L-Tryptophan Sensing

by Theophile Niyitanga, Aarti Pathak, Archana Chaudhary, Rais Ahmad Khan and Haekyoung Kim

Biosensors 2023, 13(11), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13110967 - 2 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1683

Abstract

L-tryptophan (L-TRP) is an essential amino acid responsible for the establishment and maintenance of a positive nitrogen equilibrium in the nutrition of human beings. Therefore, it is vital to quantify the amount of L-tryptophan in our body. Herein, we report the MoS₂/S@g-CN-modified glassy carbon electrode for the electrochemical detection of L-tryptophan (L-TRP). The MoS₂/S@g-CN composite was successfully synthesized using an efficient and cost-effective hydrothermal method. The physical and chemical properties of the synthesized composite were analyzed using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The crystallite size of the composite was calculated as 39.4 nm, with porous balls of MoS₂ decorated over the S@g-CN surface. The XPS spectrum confirmed the presence of Mo, S, O, C, and N elements in the sample. The synthesized nanocomposite was further used to modify the glassy carbon (GC) electrode (MoS₂/S@g-CN/GC). This MoS₂/S@g-CN/GC was used for the electrochemical detection of L-TRP using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques. For the purpose of comparison, the effects of the scanning rate and the concentration of L-TRP on the current response for the bare GC, S@g-CN/GC, MoS₂/GC, and MoS₂/S@g-CN/GC were studied in detail. The MoS₂/S@g-CN-modified GC electrode exhibited a rational limit of detection (LoD) of 0.03 µM and a sensitivity of 1.74 µA/ µMcm², with excellent stability, efficient repeatability, and high selectivity for L-TRP detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials (Graphene, Carbon Nitride and MXenes, etc.)—Based Advanced Functional Catalysts for Biosensor and Biofuel Cell Applications)

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