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Catalysts
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Ionic Liquids in Catalysis
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Ionic Liquids in Catalysis

A special issue of Catalysts (ISSN 2073-4344). This special issue belongs to the section "Catalytic Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 July 2013) | Viewed by 58831

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Jürgen Liebscher

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
Interests: ionic liquids as solvents in catalysis; ionic liquids and recycling of catalysts; ionic liquid as supports for catalysts ; ionic liquids on catalytic nanoparticles; ionic liquids in organocatalysis; ionic liquids in transition metal catalysis; task specific ionic liquids with catalytic activity

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Ionic liquids have gained extremely wide interest in organic synthesis over the last 12 years. Their properties can be tuned according to the needs of the reaction by changing cations or anions or both. Ionic liquids entered also the field of catalysis. Here, they can give rise to a number of advantages over conventional solvents such as higher catalytic activity, better solubility of the catalyst, homogeneity of the reaction mixture, wider temperature range, easy separation of products, effective absorption of microwaves for activation, recycling of catalysts and solvents. Recycling and re-usage of the catalytic system, i. e., catalyst and ionic liquid is in particular attractive for economic and environmental reasons in especially if it comes to large scale applications. Although ionic liquids were initially used mainly in transition metal complex catalysis they have found many fold applications in organocatalysis and enzymology afterwards. In addition to traditional methods also microreactors have been applied with success in this area.

In this special issue we aim at recent progress in the application of ionic liquids in catalysis of organic reactions and the development of new catalytic systems based on ionic liquids.

Prof. Dr. Jürgen Liebscher
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • ionic liquids as solvents in catalysis
  • ionic liquids and recycling of catalysts
  • ionic liquid as supports for catalysts
  • ionic liquids on catalytic nanoparticles
  • ionic liquids in organocatalysis
  • ionic liquids in transition metal catalysis
  • task specific ionic liquids with catalytic activity

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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199 KiB  
Article
An Ionic Liquid Solution of Chitosan as Organocatalyst
by Tatjana Heckel, Dagny Dagmara Konieczna and René Wilhelm
Catalysts 2013, 3(4), 914-921; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal3040914 - 11 Nov 2013
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 9098
Abstract
Chitosan, which is derived from the biopolymer chitin, can be readily dissolved in different ionic liquids. The resulting homogeneous solutions were applied in an asymmetric Aldol reaction. Depending on the type of ionic liquid used, high asymmetric inductions were found. The influence of [...] Read more.
Chitosan, which is derived from the biopolymer chitin, can be readily dissolved in different ionic liquids. The resulting homogeneous solutions were applied in an asymmetric Aldol reaction. Depending on the type of ionic liquid used, high asymmetric inductions were found. The influence of different additives was also studied. The best results were obtained in [BMIM][Br] without an additive. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionic Liquids in Catalysis)
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775 KiB  
Article
Sulfonate Ionic Liquid as a Stable and Active Catalyst for Levoglucosenone Production from Saccharides via Catalytic Pyrolysis
by Shinji Kudo, Zhenwei Zhou, Kento Yamasaki, Koyo Norinaga and Jun-ichiro Hayashi
Catalysts 2013, 3(4), 757-773; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal3040757 - 30 Sep 2013
Cited by 42 | Viewed by 10691
Abstract
In this study, various types of ionic liquids (ILs) were examined for catalytic activity in the pyrolysis of cellulose for the production of levoglucosenone, which is a valuable and versatile compound for the synthesis of a variety of novel compounds. Cellulose was simply [...] Read more.
In this study, various types of ionic liquids (ILs) were examined for catalytic activity in the pyrolysis of cellulose for the production of levoglucosenone, which is a valuable and versatile compound for the synthesis of a variety of novel compounds. Cellulose was simply mixed with the ILs and subjected for the pyrolysis, typically at 300 °C, to produce volatile products, including levoglucosenone, separated from the ILs phase. The type of IL anion significantly affected the catalysis, and the use of ILs bearing sulfonate anion resulted in distinguished yields of levoglucosenone and IL recoveries for the reutilization. Detailed thermogravimetric analysis and discussion on properties of ILs revealed the active and thermally stable nature of the sulfonate ILs. Catalytic pyrolysis with those ILs was applied to the conversion of other saccharides composed of glucose molecules, resulting in a preferential formation of levoglucosenone but at low yields as compared to that from cellulose. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionic Liquids in Catalysis)
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154 KiB  
Communication
Cellulases in Ionic Liquids—The Long Term Stability of Aspergillus sp. Cellulase
by Nele Ilmberger, Julia Pottkämper and Wolfgang R. Streit
Catalysts 2013, 3(2), 584-587; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal3020584 - 13 Jun 2013
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6964
Abstract
It is a well known fact that some ionic liquids (ILs) have the potential to dissolve crystalline, water-insoluble cellulose that could be used as a source of glucose and subsequently derived molecules. Nevertheless, in the presence of high IL concentrations, cellulase activity and, [...] Read more.
It is a well known fact that some ionic liquids (ILs) have the potential to dissolve crystalline, water-insoluble cellulose that could be used as a source of glucose and subsequently derived molecules. Nevertheless, in the presence of high IL concentrations, cellulase activity and, even more so, cellulase stability are still challenging difficulties that need to be overcome. Therefore four fungal cellulase preparations were assayed in the presence of 30% (v/v) of five different ILs. Thereby the cellulase from Aspergillus sp. (Sigma-Aldrich) was not only remarkably active (up to 28 U/mg in 30% (v/v) IL ([BMMIM]Cl)), but furthermore stayed active during several weeks in the presence of 60% (v/v) IL (up to 50% relative activity after 9 weeks). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionic Liquids in Catalysis)
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949 KiB  
Article
Towards Rational Design of Nanoparticle Catalysis in Ionic Liquids
by Bin Zhang and Ning Yan
Catalysts 2013, 3(2), 543-562; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal3020543 - 5 Jun 2013
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 12036
Abstract
This feature article introduces the strategies on the design of highly efficient nanoparticle (NP) catalytic systems in ionic liquids (ILs). The employment of functional ILs as the media for NP preparation and catalysis could prove advantageous in terms of enhancing both NP stability [...] Read more.
This feature article introduces the strategies on the design of highly efficient nanoparticle (NP) catalytic systems in ionic liquids (ILs). The employment of functional ILs as the media for NP preparation and catalysis could prove advantageous in terms of enhancing both NP stability and catalytic activity. Hydroxyl group functionalized ILs, in particular, exhibited a remarkable promotion effect on a variety of reactions catalyzed by NPs, such as hydrogenation over Rh NPs, hydrodehalogenation over Pt NPs and Suzuki reaction over Pd NPs. In some cases, tailor-made stabilizer is used in addition to keep the NPs sufficiently stable. For example, a carboxylic group modified polyvinylpyrrolidone endows NPs three-fold stabilization, including steric, electrostatic and ligand stabilizations, which leads to excellent stability of the NPs. The catalytic activities of these NPs, on the other hand, are not compromised, as each of these stabilizations is not too strong. Following that, the article describes our recent work on the rational design of bimetallic NPs in ILs and the development of multifunctional systems involving NPs for a tandem reaction sequence that convert lignin-derived phenolic compounds into fuels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionic Liquids in Catalysis)
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Review

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669 KiB  
Review
Ionic Liquids: The Synergistic Catalytic Effect in the Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates
by Weiguo Cheng, Qian Su, Jinquan Wang, Jian Sun and Flora T.T. Ng
Catalysts 2013, 3(4), 878-901; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal3040878 - 22 Oct 2013
Cited by 71 | Viewed by 10493
Abstract
This review presents the synergistic effect in the catalytic system of ionic liquids (ILs) for the synthesis of cyclic carbonate from carbon dioxide and epoxide. The emphasis of this review is on three aspects: the catalytic system of metal-based ionic liquids, the catalytic [...] Read more.
This review presents the synergistic effect in the catalytic system of ionic liquids (ILs) for the synthesis of cyclic carbonate from carbon dioxide and epoxide. The emphasis of this review is on three aspects: the catalytic system of metal-based ionic liquids, the catalytic system of hydrogen bond-promoted ionic liquids and supported ionic liquids. Metal and ionic liquids show a synergistic effect on the cycloaddition reactions of epoxides. The cations and anions of ionic liquids show a synergistic effect on the cycloaddition reactions. The functional groups in cations or supports combined with the anions have a synergistic effect on the cycloaddition reactions. Synergistic catalytic effects of ILs play an important role of promoting the cycloaddition reactions of epoxides. The design of catalytic system of ionic liquids will be possible if the synergistic effect on a molecular level is understood. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionic Liquids in Catalysis)
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528 KiB  
Review
Ionic Liquid Immobilized Organocatalysts for Asymmetric Reactions in Aqueous Media
by Yupu Qiao and Allan D. Headley
Catalysts 2013, 3(3), 709-725; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal3030709 - 11 Sep 2013
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 8738
Abstract
Ionic liquids are organic salts with melting points typically below ambient or reaction temperature. The unique combination of physical properties of ionic liquids, such as lack of measurable vapor pressure, high thermal and chemical stability, make them ideal to be used as reusable [...] Read more.
Ionic liquids are organic salts with melting points typically below ambient or reaction temperature. The unique combination of physical properties of ionic liquids, such as lack of measurable vapor pressure, high thermal and chemical stability, make them ideal to be used as reusable homogenous support for catalysts. In addition, the solubility of ionic liquids in various reaction media can be controlled and easily fine-tuned by modification of the structures of their cations and anions. As a result, ionic liquid immobilized organocatalysts are very effective in aqueous media and can be separated easily from organic solvents, as well as aqueous phases by simply adjusting the polarity of the media. Ionic liquid immobilized organocatalysts are not only very versatile compounds that are effective catalysts for a wide spectrum of reactions, but are also environmentally friendly and recyclable organocatalysts. Herein, we provide a summary of the past decade in the area of asymmetric catalysis in aqueous media for a wide variety of reactions in which ionic liquid and related ammonium salt immobilized organocatalysts are used. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionic Liquids in Catalysis)
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