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Children
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Pediatric Respiratory Diseases: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
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Pediatric Respiratory Diseases: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

A special issue of Children (ISSN 2227-9067). This special issue belongs to the section "Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 January 2025) | Viewed by 9559

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Vojko Berce

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
Interests: pediatric pulmonology; pediatric allergology; pediatric infectious diseases

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The field of pediatric respiratory medicine has undergone explosive development in the last decade. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about the development of new vaccine technologies that we hope will be useful in protecting against other important pathogens of common respiratory diseases such as respiratory syncytial virus. In the area of prevention, neonatal screening for cystic fibrosis is also being implemented in a growing number of countries. The biggest breakthroughs have been made in the treatment of cystic fibrosis, with the introduction of chloride channel modulators into clinical practice. New guidelines in the treatment of asthma bring about a paradigm shift from continuous to intermittent therapy with inhaled corticosteroids.

This Special Issue of Children aims to contribute new insights into the prevention, diagnostics and treatment of infectious respiratory diseases, asthma, cystic fibrosis and other chronic respiratory diseases in children. Hence, we enthusiastically invite submissions of both original research and reviews focusing on cutting-edge scientific advancements within these domains.

Dr. Vojko Berce
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Children is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • respiratory disease
  • children
  • lower respiratory tract infection
  • asthma
  • cystic fibrosis
  • prevention
  • diagnostics
  • treatment

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 3278 KiB  
Article
Are the Risk Factors for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and Retinopathy of Prematurity in Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants the Same?
by Hui Wu, Juan Zhang, Jing Zhang, Yanhong Yu, Hua Zhang and Tongyan Han
Children 2025, 12(4), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12040509 - 15 Apr 2025
Viewed by 170
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) affect the prognosis of preterm infants, and their coexistence is a risk factor for poor long-term outcomes in very low-birth-weight infants. However, there has been limited in-depth assessment of common and independent risk [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) affect the prognosis of preterm infants, and their coexistence is a risk factor for poor long-term outcomes in very low-birth-weight infants. However, there has been limited in-depth assessment of common and independent risk factors for BPD and ROP within the same cohort. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the risk factors for BPD and ROP in very low-birth-weight infants born at ≤32 weeks of gestation and to explore the interaction between these two diseases. Methods: The participants were divided into four groups: BPD+ROP+, BPD-ROP-, BPD+ROP-, and BPD-ROP+. Gestational age, birth weight, maternal pregnancy complications, birth and postnatal diseases, and treatment conditions were compared among the groups. Subsequently, univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore the independent risk factors for BPD and ROP. Results: Common risk factors of BPD and ROP included gestational age and prolonged oxygen therapy. The multivariate analysis revealed that gestational age (OR: 4.44; 95% CI: 3–6.57), intubation resuscitation (OR: 2.35; 95% CI: 1.09–5.05), mechanical ventilation duration ≥ 7 days (OR: 1.01; 95% CI: 1.01–1.01), and prolonged total oxygen therapy (OR: 3.13; 95% CI: 1.28–7.64) were independent risk factors for BPD. Additionally, gestational age (OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.54–0.81) and prolonged oxygen therapy (OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1–1.03) were independent risk factors for ROP. Conclusions: The proper control of the duration and concentration of oxygen therapy, along with the minimization of mechanical ventilation time, is crucial for reducing the incidence of both BPD and ROP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Respiratory Diseases: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention)
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10 pages, 209 KiB  
Article
Predictors of Friendship Skills for Adolescents with Asthma: An Analysis of Parent Report on the 2022 National Survey of Children’s Health
by Brandon Workman, Laura A. Nabors, Danielle Pierre Hixon, Ashley L. Merianos, Cathleen Odar Stough, Joshua S. Bernstein and Jonathan A. Bernstein
Children 2025, 12(2), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12020233 - 15 Feb 2025
Viewed by 661
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study assesses parent reports of adolescent- and parent-level factors related to friendships among adolescents with asthma. This study serves to inform physicians and other health care professionals of factors related to difficulties making friends for adolescents with asthma, providing information from [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This study assesses parent reports of adolescent- and parent-level factors related to friendships among adolescents with asthma. This study serves to inform physicians and other health care professionals of factors related to difficulties making friends for adolescents with asthma, providing information from parent reports to identify risk and resilience factors related to friendships. Methods: Adolescents aged 12–17 years with current asthma from the 2022 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) were selected for the study (n = 1812). A weighted logistic regression analysis was performed to explore predictors related to making and keeping friends. Adolescent-level predictors were asthma severity, allergies, body mass index, having behavioral problems, and adolescent sex and race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, and others, including Hispanic). Parent-level predictors were parent stress and coping. Results: Adolescents who were female, non-Hispanic White, had moderate/severe asthma symptoms, had current allergies, were overweight, and had behavioral problems were more likely to have difficulty making and keeping friends than adolescents who were male, non-White, had mild asthma, did not have allergies, were a normal weight or underweight, and did not have behavioral problems. Parents who reported difficulty coping with parenthood and its associated stressors were more likely to report that their adolescents had difficulty making friends. Conclusions: Pediatric moderate-to-severe asthma patients whose parents had difficulty coping with stress were more likely to exhibit greater difficulty making and keeping friends. Health care professionals managing these patients should incorporate questions into their history that address behavioral problems and parental household stress growing up to determine optimal strategies for improving friendship relationships. Whether this strategy leads to better asthma control and outcomes requires further investigation. In future studies, case studies with information about changes in friendships over time for adolescents with asthma should be carried out. The case studies could potentially highlight social strategies to use to improve friendship skills, and ultimately friendship-making for this vulnerable group. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Respiratory Diseases: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention)
11 pages, 515 KiB  
Article
Assessing Response Rates and Sleep Disorder Prevalence: Insights from a Propranolol Treatment Study for Infantile Haemangiomas
by Francesca Opri, Roberta Opri, Marco Zaffanello and Erika Rigotti
Children 2024, 11(9), 1086; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11091086 - 4 Sep 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 960
Abstract
Background: Infantile haemangiomas (IHs) sometimes require treatment with propranolol. Sleep disturbances are the most frequently reported side effects. Monitoring adverse drug events necessitates repeated hospital visits, which can be challenging during a pandemic. Objectives: To explore the effectiveness of a new electronic questionnaire [...] Read more.
Background: Infantile haemangiomas (IHs) sometimes require treatment with propranolol. Sleep disturbances are the most frequently reported side effects. Monitoring adverse drug events necessitates repeated hospital visits, which can be challenging during a pandemic. Objectives: To explore the effectiveness of a new electronic questionnaire in identifying sleep disturbances related to treatment with propranolol and potential confounding factors. To evaluate the response rate to the questionnaire. To report the proportion of patients on propranolol with sleep disturbances. Methods: In an observational, prospective cohort study, caregivers provided clinical information during ambulatory visits and via an electronic questionnaire after an 8-week treatment course with propranolol and at the time of treatment interruption. Adverse drug reaction reporting forms were assessed for causality. Results: The questionnaire response rate was 91%, and the completion rate was 100%. A total of 59% of patients experienced sleep disturbances during propranolol treatment, which were considered adverse reactions. Sleep disorders were frequent during sleep regression phases and in subjects who fell asleep during physical contact with caregivers or bed-sharing with parents. Conclusion: The application of this questionnaire allows for identifying adverse sleep events associated with propranolol in IHs and potential confounders. Counselling on sleep hygiene is recommended before treatment onset. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Respiratory Diseases: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention)
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11 pages, 490 KiB  
Article
Evaluation and Comparison of the Efficacy of Subcutaneous and Sublingual Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Allergic Asthma in Children
by Vojko Berce, Maša Cugmas, Staša Čopi, Brigita Koren, Maja Tomazin and Tina Hojnik
Children 2024, 11(6), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060692 - 5 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1536
Abstract
Specific immunotherapy represents the only potentially curative treatment for allergic asthma. Allergens can be administered subcutaneously (SCIT) or sublingually (SLIT). The aim of the current study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of SCIT and SLIT for the treatment of allergic asthma [...] Read more.
Specific immunotherapy represents the only potentially curative treatment for allergic asthma. Allergens can be administered subcutaneously (SCIT) or sublingually (SLIT). The aim of the current study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of SCIT and SLIT for the treatment of allergic asthma in children. Our study included 69 children with allergic asthma who underwent immunotherapy for house dust mites or pollen for at least 3 consecutive years. After 3 years of SCIT and SLIT, the median number of asthma exacerbations in the last three months decreased from 2 to 0 (p < 0.01) and from 1 to 0 (p < 0.01), respectively. When comparing the efficacy of SCIT and SLIT, our study revealed a significantly better efficacy of SCIT only in terms of increasing lung function. The median increase in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) after 3 years was 8% with SCIT and −1% with SLIT (p < 0.01). Daily controller therapy could be withdrawn or reduced in 9 out of 16 (56.3%) children who received it before SCIT (p < 0.01) and in 19 of 29 (65.6%) children who received it before SLIT (p < 0.01), but the difference in efficacy was not significant (p = 0.88). Both SCIT and SLIT are effective treatments for allergic asthma in children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Respiratory Diseases: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention)
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Review

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17 pages, 6549 KiB  
Review
Imaging of Acute Complications of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the Paediatric Population—From Chest Radiography to MRI
by Efthymia Alexopoulou, Spyridon Prountzos, Maria Raissaki, Argyro Mazioti, Pablo Caro-Dominguez, Franz Wolfgang Hirsch, Jovan Lovrenski and Pierluigi Ciet
Children 2024, 11(1), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11010122 - 18 Jan 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5142
Abstract
The most common acute infection and leading cause of death in children worldwide is pneumonia. Clinical and laboratory tests essentially diagnose community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). CAP can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or atypical microorganisms. Imaging is usually reserved for children who do not [...] Read more.
The most common acute infection and leading cause of death in children worldwide is pneumonia. Clinical and laboratory tests essentially diagnose community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). CAP can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or atypical microorganisms. Imaging is usually reserved for children who do not respond to treatment, need hospitalisation, or have hospital-acquired pneumonia. This review discusses the imaging findings for acute CAP complications and the diagnostic role of each imaging modality. Pleural effusion, empyema, necrotizing pneumonia, abscess, pneumatocele, pleural fistulas, and paediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS) are acute CAP complications. When evaluating complicated CAP patients, chest radiography, lung ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used, with each having their own pros and cons. Imaging is usually not needed for CAP diagnosis, but it is essential for complicated cases and follow-ups. Lung ultrasound can supplement chest radiography (CR), which starts the diagnostic algorithm. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) is used for complex cases. Advances in MRI protocols make it a viable alternative for diagnosing CAP and its complications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Respiratory Diseases: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention)
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