Children

Research

7 pages, 229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Children’s Dental Age with Panoramic Radiographs

by Tal Ratson, Nurit Dagon, Netta Aderet, Eran Dolev, Amir Laviv, Moshe Davidovitch and Sigalit Blumer

Children 2022, 9(12), 1877; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121877 - 30 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1565

Abstract

(1) Background: The aim of the study was to assess the dental age of the subjects and compare it to their chronological age; to assess the dominant tooth for evaluation of dental age; and to investigate possible individual differences between the left and [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The aim of the study was to assess the dental age of the subjects and compare it to their chronological age; to assess the dominant tooth for evaluation of dental age; and to investigate possible individual differences between the left and right side of the dental arch. (2) Methods: This study involved evaluating panoramic radiographs of patients aged 7–13 years. A separate assessment was performed for each tooth according to the degree of germ development. Each subject’s dental age was estimated. (3) Results: The study involved evaluating 349 panoramic radiographs. No difference was found between stages of tooth development on the right side and left side. Correlation between the stages of tooth development and the chronological age was found to be highest in the second permanent molar teeth. The age can be predicted with the estimated age of tooth #37 and the gender of the patient. (4) Conclusions: The chronological age of children aged 7–13 may be estimated based on a modified seven-stage London Atlas of tooth development, where the most accurate landmark(s) of use are second molars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Orthodontic Technology and Individualized Treatment)

12 pages, 1524 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Chronological Age and IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and CTX Levels in Saliva of Children through Younger Adult Population with Varying Periodontal Status

by Abdullah Almalki, Julie Toby Thomas, Saud Alotaibi, Mansour Alasiri, Hamdan Alamri and Mohamed Helmy Salama

Children 2022, 9(9), 1301; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091301 - 27 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1866

Abstract

The quest for the most precise and non-invasive technology to monitor the pubertal growth spurt is driven by the role of growth determination in orthodontics. The objective of this study was to estimate the levels of salivary insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF-binding protein-3 [...] Read more.

The quest for the most precise and non-invasive technology to monitor the pubertal growth spurt is driven by the role of growth determination in orthodontics. The objective of this study was to estimate the levels of salivary insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), and cross-linked C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX1), and to analyze whether the levels of these biomarkers vary among different chronological age groups with and without periodontal disease. Eighty participants were divided into three groups based on their chronological age: group 1: 6–12 years; group 2: 13–19 years; and group 3: 20–30 years. The assessed clinical parameters included the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and community periodontal index (CPI). Using ELISA kits, the IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and CTX1 levels in the saliva samples were estimated. The salivary concentration of IGFBP-3 was significantly associated with age and gender (p < 0.01). However, no significance was observed between subjects with and without periodontal disease. Significant associations existed between the values of IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and CTX1 in saliva among subjects from the various chronological age groups. Estimation of salivary IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 could serve as a useful tool in the assessment of growth maturity and bone remodeling patterns during orthodontic treatment planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Orthodontic Technology and Individualized Treatment)

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14 pages, 1070 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Subphenotypes in Non-Syndromic Orofacial Cleft Patients Based on the Tooth Agenesis Code (TAC)

by Dimitrios Konstantonis, Maria Nassika, Maria Athanasiou and Heleni Vastardis

Children 2022, 9(3), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9030437 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2295

Abstract

Background: It was the aim of this study to investigate tooth agenesis patterns, which are expressed to different subphenotypes according to the TAC method in a spectrum of non-syndromic orofacial cleft patients. Methods: A total of 183 orofacial cleft patient records were assessed [...] Read more.

Background: It was the aim of this study to investigate tooth agenesis patterns, which are expressed to different subphenotypes according to the TAC method in a spectrum of non-syndromic orofacial cleft patients. Methods: A total of 183 orofacial cleft patient records were assessed for tooth agenesis and TAC patterns. The association between TAC and sex, and cleft type was examined, and logistic regression models were additionally applied. Additionally, the distribution of missing teeth by cleft type and the tooth agenesis inter-quadrant association were examined. Results: The most frequent cleft type was CLPL (n = 72; 39.3%), while the maxillary left lateral incisor was the most frequently missing tooth that was strongly dependent on the cleft type (29.5%, p < 0.001). Of the 31 TAC patterns identified, four were the most prevalent and occurred in 80.8% of the sample, while 20 TAC patterns were unique. Cleft type contrary to sex (p = 0.405) was found to play a significant role in TAC distribution (p = 0.001). The logistic regression’s results suggested that overall, neither sex nor cleft type were associated with tooth agenesis. Prevalence of tooth agenesis in each quadrant clearly depended on cleft type; and there was a strong association found between tooth agenesis in different quadrants. Conclusions: Thirty-one different subphenotypes were identified in TAC patterns. The first four TAC patterns accounted for the 80.8% of the sample’s variability while twenty of the patterns were unique. A strong association was present between TAC pattern and cleft type. No association was found between the sex of the patient, tooth agenesis and TAC patterns. Tooth agenesis depended strongly on the cleft type, and the most frequently missing tooth was the maxillary left lateral incisor. The interquadrant association for tooth agenesis found suggests a genetic link in the etiology of clefts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Orthodontic Technology and Individualized Treatment)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

14 pages, 3773 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Three-Dimensional-Printed Customized Orthodontic and Pedodontic Appliances: A Critical Review of a New Era for Treatment

by Ioannis A. Tsolakis, Sotiria Gizani, Apostolos I. Tsolakis and Nearchos Panayi

Children 2022, 9(8), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9081107 - 23 Jul 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4628

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) designing and manufacturing technology is a direct derivative of digital technology. Three-dimensional volume and surface acquisition, CAD software, and 3D manufacturing are major changes included in daily practice in many orthodontic and pedodontic offices. Customized appliances can be designed using dental [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional (3D) designing and manufacturing technology is a direct derivative of digital technology. Three-dimensional volume and surface acquisition, CAD software, and 3D manufacturing are major changes included in daily practice in many orthodontic and pedodontic offices. Customized appliances can be designed using dental CAD software or general-purpose CAD software in the office or a laboratory. Materials that can be used are resins, alloys, or zirconia. Methods: The search strategy of this critical review included keywords in combination with MeSH terms in Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane Library up to June 2022 in the English language without any limit to the publication period. Results: According to our search, 12 articles were selected for our study. All the articles were in vitro prospective studies. Conclusions: The results suggested that almost all the known appliances can be designed and printed in a tailor-made fashion in contrast to the traditional one-size-fits-all approach. Customized appliances should be manufactured according to the patient’s needs, and this is justified by the certainty that this approach will be beneficial for the patient’s treatment. There is a need for more research on all direct 3D-printed appliances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Orthodontic Technology and Individualized Treatment)

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15 pages, 1391 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Three-Dimensional Printing Technology in Orthodontics for Dental Models: A Systematic Review

by Ioannis A. Tsolakis, Sotiria Gizani, Nearchos Panayi, Georgios Antonopoulos and Apostolos I. Tsolakis

Children 2022, 9(8), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9081106 - 23 Jul 2022

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 5228

Abstract

Background: Three-dimensional printing technology is an additive manufacturing technology that is used to reconstruct 3D objects. In the last decade, it has been rapidly involved in dentistry and in orthodontics. This article aims to review the literature and present the accuracy of different [...] Read more.

Background: Three-dimensional printing technology is an additive manufacturing technology that is used to reconstruct 3D objects. In the last decade, it has been rapidly involved in dentistry and in orthodontics. This article aims to review the literature and present the accuracy of different 3D printer types and any factors that could affect the 3D printing of dental models in the orthodontic field. Methods: The search strategy of this systematic review included keywords in combination with MeSH terms in Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane Library until June 2022 and only in English. Results: Eleven articles were selected for our study. All the articles were in vitro prospective studies, and they presented a low risk of bias. The results suggested that the accuracy of a printed dental cast can be affected by the different types of 3D technologies, the dental cast’s base design, and the printing materials. The accuracy appears to not be affected by the layer height and the position of the model on the building template. Conclusions: According to this systematic review, all different types of 3D technology can produce clinically accepted results for orthodontic purposes. There is a need for more studies to clarify the accuracy and added value of 3D printing technology in orthodontics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Orthodontic Technology and Individualized Treatment)

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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

7 pages, 384 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Clinical Effectiveness of Vestibular Shields in Orthodontic Treatment: A Scoping Review

by Chaypat Simsuchin, Yong Chen and Sreekanth Kumar Mallineni

Children 2023, 10(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010016 - 22 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3513

Abstract

This systematic literature search was performed to determine the clinical effectiveness of vestibular shields (VSs) in children undergoing orthodontic treatment. A comprehensive electronic search was performed in May 2022 using three databases (Medline via PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and [...] Read more.

This systematic literature search was performed to determine the clinical effectiveness of vestibular shields (VSs) in children undergoing orthodontic treatment. A comprehensive electronic search was performed in May 2022 using three databases (Medline via PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Ovid). The initial screening of articles was based on titles and abstracts. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were retrieved for the final quality assessment and the methodological qualities were assessed according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Cochrane risk of bias. The initial search identified 262 publications, of which 15 studies were potentially eligible, with excellent intra-examiner reliability (K = 0.88). A total of five studies were selected for the final analysis, including one randomized controlled trial, three clinical trials, and one cohort study. VS may have potential impacts on orthodontic treatment, lips and dental arches, but further high-quality studies are warranted Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Orthodontic Technology and Individualized Treatment)

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14 pages, 1936 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Evaluation of Lateral Incisor Resorption Caused by Impacted Maxillary Canines Based on CBCT: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Anastasia Mitsea, Georgia Palikaraki, Konstantinos Karamesinis, Heleni Vastardis, Sotiria Gizani and Iosif Sifakakis

Children 2022, 9(7), 1006; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9071006 - 5 Jul 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2757

Abstract

Background: Root resorption (RR) of the adjacent teeth due to upper canine impaction requires an appropriate modification of the orthodontic treatment plan and the mechanotherapy used. Aim: The aim of this review was to assess scientific evidence published during the last decade, concerning [...] Read more.

Background: Root resorption (RR) of the adjacent teeth due to upper canine impaction requires an appropriate modification of the orthodontic treatment plan and the mechanotherapy used. Aim: The aim of this review was to assess scientific evidence published during the last decade, concerning the prevalence of lateral incisor RR caused by impacted maxillary canines, based only on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The location of RR on this tooth, as well as the prevalence of RR on the other adjacent teeth, were additionally evaluated. Methods: This review followed the criteria specified by the PRISMA statement. Four databases were searched for articles published between January 2008 and June 2021. Predefined and piloted data collection forms were used to record the necessary information. Results: A total of 5098 records were initially screened. Only seven articles were finally eligible for further analysis. A total number of 540 participants (176 males and 364 females) was derived from the included studies. RR of maxillary lateral incisors was common (50%). RR of mild severity was more common (62%), more frequently located in the middle (52%) and apical (42%) thirds of the root. Conclusions: Further research with more homogeneous groups is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Orthodontic Technology and Individualized Treatment)

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Graphical abstract

8 pages, 2812 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Treatment of an Avulsed and Ankylosed Incisor through Single Tooth Alveolar Osteotomy and Conventional Orthodontic Mechanisms

by Georgios Vasoglou, Chrysi Christina Markomanolaki, Michail Vasoglou and Andreas Markomanolakis

Children 2022, 9(5), 732; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9050732 - 17 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2502

Abstract

We present the treatment of an injured and avulsed incisor (which was afterwards ankylosed), by subapical osteotomy and conventional orthodontic mechanisms. A 9-year-old boy presented for orthodontic treatment with an injured and avulsed central incisor, which, after initial repositioning, ended up with ankylosis [...] Read more.

We present the treatment of an injured and avulsed incisor (which was afterwards ankylosed), by subapical osteotomy and conventional orthodontic mechanisms. A 9-year-old boy presented for orthodontic treatment with an injured and avulsed central incisor, which, after initial repositioning, ended up with ankylosis and severe root resorption. The case was treated by single tooth alveolar osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis through conventional orthodontics, advocating for the floating bone concept due to the short vertical distance by which the tooth alveolus part had to be relocated. Orthodontic treatment of the avulsed central incisor was completed after osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis, and the tooth was restored to its proper position, aiming to address issues of aesthetics and function for the time being. The patient was finally referred to a prosthodontist for future and final implant rehabilitation due to severe root resorption. Distraction osteogenesis after surgical procedures is a reliable solution for dealing with an ankylosed and submerged tooth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Orthodontic Technology and Individualized Treatment)

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