Second Language Learning: Theories and Practices

A special issue of Education Sciences (ISSN 2227-7102). This special issue belongs to the section "Language and Literacy Education".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2024) | Viewed by 13315

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
Interests: bilingual education; ESL research-based practices; English learners’ resilience; socio-emotional development through language, teaching and learning of newcomers (e.g., refugees, asylum seekers, and other immigrants) in schools

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Guest Editor
Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
Interests: language assessment; corpus linguistics; quantitative methodology; educational measurement

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Second language learners (who could be immigrants, newcomers, migrants, or refugees) represent a high population of students currently in the schooling process across educational systems around the world. Research indicates that it is important to consider the role of culture, identity, socio-emotional development, resilience, and the learning environment as students begin to learn a second language or the language of their host nation. This is because these factors, and other factors, are intertwined in children’s developmental process as well as in the process of learning a second language (e.g., emergent bilinguals) for their academic and life-long success. Therefore, research that focuses on these factors is critically important to advance theory on second language learning and to support practices that are research-based, culturally meaningful, and contextually diverse.

There are two aims of this Special Issue on “Second Language Learning: Theories and Practices”: (1) to provide to the field of education a compendium of studies that serve to advance theories on second language learning that is cross-cultural and relevant across locals, and (2) to provide schools and educational systems across the world with studies that exemplify best-practices for teaching and learning a second language among linguistic and culturally diverse populations. We welcome studies that exemplify Vygotsky’s (1978) planes of analysis with a focus on either the intra-psychological, inter-psychological, and social plane as factors that may serve to advance theory or practice among diverse learners.

We suggest that the following themes are focused on in this Special Issue:

  • Studies focused on second language learning of children, youth, and/or adult learners as well as teachers are welcomed. These studies can be part of a project that used a quantitative design (e.g., experimental, quasi-experiment, etc.), a qualitative design (e.g., case study, ethnography, etc.), or a mixed-method design to answer research questions of theory or practice or both.
  • Studies focused on indigenous communities with a focus on capacity building, cultural, and L1 maintenance (e.g., bilingual education) to answer research questions of theory or practice or both.
  • Studies focused on immigrant communities’ (e.g., newcomers, refugees, asylum seekers, etc.) learning of the second language of the host country with a focus on either theory or practice or both.
  • Studies focused on classroom practices that address the interplay of either culture, identity, socio-emotional development, resilience, and/or the learning environment to the teaching and learning of a second language among diverse populations.
  • Studies focused on either the application(s) of a new or adapted research method/approach or novel application(s) of an existing research method to advancing theories and/or research practices of second language learning.
  • Studies focused on the assessment of second language learners that address various validity and/or fairness issues concerning culture, diversity, socio-emotional development, and/or learning environment.

Dr. Héctor Rivera
Dr. Heesun Chang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • second language teaching and learning
  • second language assessment
  • immigrants
  • resilience
  • learning environment
  • socio-emotional development
  • identity

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

24 pages, 927 KiB  
Article
Transforming Self-Identity in EMI: The Interplay of Behavioral Engagement, Motivational Intensity, and Self-Efficacy
by Wen-Chi Huang
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15040429 - 28 Mar 2025
Viewed by 225
Abstract
This study investigates the dynamic relationships between self-efficacy, motivational intensity, and behavioral engagement and their effects on positive and negative self-identity among EFL learners participating in English Medium Instruction (EMI). Conducted with 390 undergraduate students from diverse academic disciplines, the research utilized a [...] Read more.
This study investigates the dynamic relationships between self-efficacy, motivational intensity, and behavioral engagement and their effects on positive and negative self-identity among EFL learners participating in English Medium Instruction (EMI). Conducted with 390 undergraduate students from diverse academic disciplines, the research utilized a longitudinal design, administering pre- and post-intervention assessments of these constructs. A repeated measures MANOVA revealed significant improvements in all three independent variables, with behavioral engagement showing the largest gains, followed by motivational intensity and self-efficacy. Multiple regression analysis further demonstrated that these predictors collectively explained substantial variance in positive and negative self-identity. Behavioral engagement emerged as the most influential factor, positively enhancing self-perception, and mitigating identity conflicts, followed by motivational intensity and self-efficacy. The findings underscore the transformative potential of EMI, emphasizing the role of active participation, sustained motivation, and confidence-building in fostering positive self-identity while reducing negative self-perceptions. These insights highlight the importance of interactive and participatory pedagogical strategies, goal-oriented motivation, and scaffolded support in EMI contexts. By integrating these elements, educators can maximize the holistic benefits of EMI, preparing learners for global academic and professional opportunities. The study contributes to the growing body of research on EMI, offering practical implications for enhancing student engagement, motivation, and identity development. Future research is encouraged to explore the long-term impacts and contextual moderators of these relationships in diverse EMI settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Language Learning: Theories and Practices)
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23 pages, 1208 KiB  
Article
Second Language Trajectories in Immigrant Children: Latent Class Growth Analysis
by Larissa Maria Troesch, Loredana Torchetti, Sonja Hasler and Alexander Grob
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15020163 - 30 Jan 2025
Viewed by 985
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate whether there are different second language trajectories among immigrant children and what influences these trajectories. This longitudinal study included 443 children all learning German as a second language (49.9% girls). On average, at T1, the children were [...] Read more.
The present study aims to investigate whether there are different second language trajectories among immigrant children and what influences these trajectories. This longitudinal study included 443 children all learning German as a second language (49.9% girls). On average, at T1, the children were 3;6; at T2, 4;9; at T3, 6;2; and at T4, 7;3 years old. Discontinuous piecewise latent class growth analysis revealed four classes: improvement to low-level proficiency, improvement to medium-level proficiency, improvement to high-level proficiency, and permanent high-level proficiency. Class membership was predicted by early childcare attendance, the duration of the parents’ residence in Switzerland, contact with German speakers, the child’s cognitive abilities, and the parental socioeconomic status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Language Learning: Theories and Practices)
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22 pages, 3226 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Role of Mind Mapping Tools in Scaffolding Narrative Writing in English for Middle-School EFL Students
by Xinyan Fu and Jackie E. Relyea
Educ. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 1119; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14101119 - 15 Oct 2024
Viewed by 2473
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of scaffolded English writing instruction using mind mapping tools on English narrative writing proficiency among Chinese middle-school EFL students. Specifically, we examined its effects on four subcomponents of narrative writing compositions: lexical complexity, [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of scaffolded English writing instruction using mind mapping tools on English narrative writing proficiency among Chinese middle-school EFL students. Specifically, we examined its effects on four subcomponents of narrative writing compositions: lexical complexity, grammatical complexity, accuracy, and fluency. Non-equivalent group pre-test–post-test design was employed in this study. The participants were 55 eighth-grade students in an English class. The data were collected through two writing tests administered before and after a two-month intervention. The results showed that students’ writing demonstrated significant improvements in lexical complexity, grammatical complexity, accuracy, and fluency. These findings suggest that scaffolded writing instruction with mind mapping can effectively enhance multiple dimensions of writing skills in adolescent EFL learners. This study provides insights into the application of using mind mapping to scaffold EFL learners’ narrative writing proficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Language Learning: Theories and Practices)
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11 pages, 236 KiB  
Article
Multidimensional Assessment Performance Analysis: A Framework to Advance Multilingual Learners’ Scientific Equity in K-12 Contexts
by Lourdes Cardozo-Gaibisso, Georgia Wood Hodges, Constanza Mardones-Segovia and Allan S. Cohen
Educ. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 1068; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14101068 - 29 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1847
Abstract
Evaluating science learning through written assessments for Multilingual Learners (MLs) can offer a critical source of information for educators aiming to adopt culturally and linguistically sustaining practices. However, without careful planning and design, written assessments for MLs can yield unreliable data. This conceptual [...] Read more.
Evaluating science learning through written assessments for Multilingual Learners (MLs) can offer a critical source of information for educators aiming to adopt culturally and linguistically sustaining practices. However, without careful planning and design, written assessments for MLs can yield unreliable data. This conceptual article addresses this challenge by first examining the complexities of the written language of science and its impact on student learning. It then explores current literature and presents the Multidimensional Assessment Performance Analysis (MAPA) framework, a multimodal model for analyzing writing answers in multilingual educational contexts. MAPA integrates Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) to evaluate language use and Topic Models to allocate students based on their cognitive reasoning and thinking patterns. The article concludes with recommendations for classroom teachers and researchers to enhance assessment practices in science education for MLs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Language Learning: Theories and Practices)
20 pages, 304 KiB  
Article
Initial Assessment of First Language Literacy Resources for Adult Instruction in Swedish
by Eva Lindström and Maria Eklund Heinonen
Educ. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14050550 - 20 May 2024
Viewed by 1484
Abstract
This study is part of a project on initial assessment of first language (L1) literacy in adult newcomers prior to the commencement of L2 studies in Swedish. Here, we explore the assessment summaries of newcomers’ L1 literacy, performed by L2-teachers, with assistance from [...] Read more.
This study is part of a project on initial assessment of first language (L1) literacy in adult newcomers prior to the commencement of L2 studies in Swedish. Here, we explore the assessment summaries of newcomers’ L1 literacy, performed by L2-teachers, with assistance from an interpreter. According to the syllabus, instruction in Swedish for Immigrants (SFI) should be adapted to the individual´s needs and goals; however, SFI often fails to do so. L1 literacy—i.e., using texts in different domains (school, work, society, and everyday life)—serves as a foundation for L2 learning and teachers’ access to and utilization of students L1 literacy can significantly enhance instruction. From a sociocultural approach to literacy and based on Luke and Freebody’s ‘Four Resource Model’, a qualitative document analyses of L1 literacy assessment summaries (N = 50) demonstrated literacy practices form different domains of student life, beyond school literacy. Literacy practices from all four learner roles, i.e., Code-Breaker, Text Participant, Text User and Text Analyst were identified in the assessments to various degrees dependent on the students’ background, which is illustrated by a close analysis of 5 summaries. This information is both important for teachers’ planning of second language teaching and in the long term for the development of second language teacher education. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Language Learning: Theories and Practices)
17 pages, 1225 KiB  
Article
The Interplay between Metacognitive Knowledge, L2 Language Proficiency, and Question Formats in Predicting L2 Reading Test Scores
by Ray J. T. Liao and Kwangmin Lee
Educ. Sci. 2024, 14(4), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14040370 - 3 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1511
Abstract
In the context of L2 academic reading, teachers tend to use a variety of question formats to assess students’ reading comprehension. Studies have revealed that not only question formats but also L2 language proficiency might affect how students use metacognitive strategies. Moreover, studies [...] Read more.
In the context of L2 academic reading, teachers tend to use a variety of question formats to assess students’ reading comprehension. Studies have revealed that not only question formats but also L2 language proficiency might affect how students use metacognitive strategies. Moreover, studies have determined that students’ L2 reading comprehension is positively influenced by their metacognitive knowledge, though whether this positive influence is reflected in students’ test scores is still under debate. This study therefore adopted path analyses to investigate the relationship between metacognitive knowledge, L2 reading proficiency, L2 reading test scores, and question formats. A total of 108 ESL students took English reading tests in multiple-choice and short-answer question formats and completed a reading strategy survey to measure their metacognitive knowledge of three types of strategies: global, problem-solving, and supporting. In both question formats, path analyses indicated that (1) metacognitive knowledge contributed to L2 reading test scores and (2) students’ L2 reading proficiency mediated the impact of metacognitive knowledge on their test performance. Moreover, path analyses revealed that question formats might play an important role in altering the impact of metacognitive knowledge on L2 reading test scores. Implications for instruction and L2 reading assessment are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Language Learning: Theories and Practices)
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19 pages, 1100 KiB  
Article
Didactic Interventions: The Voices of Adult Migrants on Second Language Teaching and Learning in a Rural Area in Chile
by Valeria Sumonte Rojas, Lidia Andrea Fuentealba, Giselle Bahamondes Quezada and Susan Sanhueza-Henríquez
Educ. Sci. 2024, 14(1), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14010112 - 21 Jan 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2311
Abstract
Research in Chile, regarding language teaching and learning, has focused on Spanish as a first language (L1). However, due to the growing influx and settlement of non-Spanish-speaking adult migrants, the significance of investigating language education within a second-language (L2)-context has surged. Accordingly, the [...] Read more.
Research in Chile, regarding language teaching and learning, has focused on Spanish as a first language (L1). However, due to the growing influx and settlement of non-Spanish-speaking adult migrants, the significance of investigating language education within a second-language (L2)-context has surged. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to examine the implementation of a Spanish language teaching–learning program as an L2 from the learners’ perspectives. The ultimate objective is to contribute to the advancement of knowledge in this field within the national framework. This qualitative, descriptive/interpretive study involves 10 adult Haitian migrants who do not speak Spanish and live in a rural area. These participants possess varying educational backgrounds and are situated within a vulnerable context. In pursuit of the objective, two focus groups were convened. The outcomes underscore the pressing need for comprehensive macro-level development, at the governmental level, to address the inclusion of migrants. This entails equipping educators with linguistic proficiency and theoretical and pedagogical expertise for instructing an L2 program. Furthermore, the inclusion of linguistic mediators, a judicious use of the learners’ L1 as a pedagogical resource, and the implementation of strategies that cater to individual needs contribute to a more effective and inclusive teaching–learning experience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Language Learning: Theories and Practices)
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