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Electronics
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Advanced Antenna Measurement Techniques for Radar, IoT and 5G Applications
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Advanced Antenna Measurement Techniques for Radar, IoT and 5G Applications

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Microwave and Wireless Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 24106

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Marco Donald Migliore

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
DIEI, Universitá di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale, Via Di Biasio and ELEDIA@UniCAS, 03043 Cassino, Italy
Interests: antennas and propagation; fast antenna diagnosis; MIMO antennas; 5G communications
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Modern communication and radar systems pose new challenges to the research and industrial antenna testing community. On one hand, the development of very large-bandwidth, highly agile multi-beam radar antennas as well as low-observable targets represents a formidable challenge for antenna and RCS community. On the other hand, sophisticated radiating systems such as active array antennas, and massive MIMO arrays, will play a relevant role in the short coming 5G communication systems. Due to the high levels of electronic device integration required in 5G antennas, no physical connectors are generally available. This yields a radically new connectorless measurement paradigm in which over-the-air (OTA) measurements will play a relevant role. Furthermore, the mass production of these new antennas requires new fast and reliable antenna testing methods, as well as methods to test the OTA sites.

The scope of this Special Issue is to collect contributions on the state of art of measurement techniques for RCS, radar, and telecommunication antennas, including techniques to evaluate indoor and OTA test sites for radar, IoT, and 5G antennas.

Prof. Dr. Marco Donald Migliore
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Near-field measurements
  • Far-field measurements
  • Compact range
  • Plane wave generator
  • Radar cross section measurements
  • Over the air (OTA) measurements
  • Small antenna measurement
  • Near-field far-field transformation
  • Measurement techniques for 5G antennas
  • Measurement techniques for IoT antennas
  • Uncertainty in antenna measurements
  • Anechoic chambers
  • Sampling strategies of the electromagnetic field
  • Antenna diagnosis
  • Antenna measurement software
  • Filtering of stray signals in antenna measurements
  • Truncation error in antenna measurements
  • Test site evaluation
  • Reverberating chambers
  • Instruments for antenna measurements
  • Signal processing for antenna measurements
  • Compressed sensing/sparse recovery techniques in antenna measurements

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

26 pages, 10096 KiB  
Article
Fully Integrated High Gain S-Band Triangular Slot Antenna for CubeSat Communications
by Mohamed El Bakkali, Moulhime El Bekkali, Gurjot Singh Gaba, Josep M. Guerrero, Lavish Kansal and Mehedi Masud
Electronics 2021, 10(2), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020156 - 13 Jan 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3076
Abstract
Among other CubeSat subsystems, Antenna is one of the most important CubeSat components as its design determines all the telecommunication subsystems’ performances. This paper presents a coplanar wave-guide (CPW)-fed equilateral triangular slot antenna constructed and analyzed for CubeSat communications at S-band. The proposed [...] Read more.
Among other CubeSat subsystems, Antenna is one of the most important CubeSat components as its design determines all the telecommunication subsystems’ performances. This paper presents a coplanar wave-guide (CPW)-fed equilateral triangular slot antenna constructed and analyzed for CubeSat communications at S-band. The proposed antenna alone presents high gain and ultra-wide band while its radiation pattern is bidirectional at an unlicensed frequency of 2450 MHz. The objective is to use the CubeSat chassis as a reflector for reducing the back-lobe radiation and hence minimizing interferences with electronic devices inside the CubeSat. This leads to a high gain of 8.20 dBi and a unidirectional radiation pattern at an industrial, scientific and mdical (ISM) band operating frequency of 2450 MHz. In addition to that, the presented antenna is low-profile and exhibits high return loss, ultra-wide impedance bandwidth, and good impedance matching at 2450 MHz. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Antenna Measurement Techniques for Radar, IoT and 5G Applications)
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13 pages, 8420 KiB  
Article
A Spherical Near-to-far-Field Transformation Using a Non-Redundant Voltage Representation Optimized for Non-Centered Mounted Quasi-Planar Antennas
by Francesco D’Agostino, Flaminio Ferrara, Claudio Gennarelli, Rocco Guerriero and Massimo Migliozzi
Electronics 2020, 9(6), 944; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9060944 - 5 Jun 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2574
Abstract
This research falls in the antenna measurements related topic, and deals with the problem occurring in the classical spherical near-to-far-field (NTFF) transformation, when it becomes unpractical to mount the antenna under test (AUT) with its center at the center of the scanning sphere. [...] Read more.
This research falls in the antenna measurements related topic, and deals with the problem occurring in the classical spherical near-to-far-field (NTFF) transformation, when it becomes unpractical to mount the antenna under test (AUT) with its center at the center of the scanning sphere. This issue reflects in a growth of the number of near-field (NF) samples to be acquired, since this number depends on the radius of the minimum sphere, which contains the antenna, and is centered at the scanning sphere center. The non-redundant sampling representations of the electromagnetic field are conveniently exploited, to develop an effective spherical NTFF transformation for non-centered AUTs with quasi-planar geometry, requiring a minimum amount of NF samples, and nearly the same as that for a centered mounting of the AUT. Then, the NF data needed to perform the classical NTFF transformation are determined in efficient way from the acquired non-redundant NF samples by employing an accurate 2-D sampling interpolation scheme. Thus, it is possible to significantly save measurement time. Some simulation and laboratory results are reported to show the effectiveness of the developed technique, which takes into account a non-centered AUT mounting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Antenna Measurement Techniques for Radar, IoT and 5G Applications)
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22 pages, 3929 KiB  
Article
An Experimental Investigation on the Impact of Duplexing and Beamforming Techniques in Field Measurements of 5G Signals
by Daniele Franci, Stefano Coltellacci, Enrico Grillo, Settimio Pavoncello, Tommaso Aureli, Rossana Cintoli and Marco Donald Migliore
Electronics 2020, 9(2), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9020223 - 29 Jan 2020
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6228
Abstract
The fifth generation mobile network introduces dramatic improvements with respect to the previous technologies. Features such as variable numerology, bandwidth parts, massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) will extend the capabilities of the 5G wireless systems and, at [...] Read more.
The fifth generation mobile network introduces dramatic improvements with respect to the previous technologies. Features such as variable numerology, bandwidth parts, massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) will extend the capabilities of the 5G wireless systems and, at the same time, will influence the measurement techniques used to assess the compliance with general public electromagnetic field exposure limits. In this study, a heterogeneous set of 5G signals is investigated with the aim of establishing an effective measurement technique suitable for the new technology. Following an experimental approach based on both modulation and zero span analysis, some important characteristics of the 5G system are highlighted and extensively discussed, and experimental procedures for estimating factors associated to TDD (F T D C factor) and beam sweeping (R factor), to be used in the extrapolation formulas, are presented. The results of this study represent a starting point for future investigations on effective methods to estimate both the instant maximum power and the total power transmitted during a 5G radio frame. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Antenna Measurement Techniques for Radar, IoT and 5G Applications)
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13 pages, 7154 KiB  
Article
Design of Reconfigurable Bandwidth Filtering Antenna and Its Applications in IR/UWB System
by Zhuohang Zhang and Zhongming Pan
Electronics 2020, 9(1), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9010163 - 15 Jan 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3454
Abstract
A reconfigurable bandwidth antenna for an impulse radio-UWB (IR/UWB) system design is illustrated in this paper. By adopting a continuously tunable low-pass filter by varactor at the feed of the antenna, the proposed antenna obtains a continuous tunable bandwidth from 1.02 GHz to [...] Read more.
A reconfigurable bandwidth antenna for an impulse radio-UWB (IR/UWB) system design is illustrated in this paper. By adopting a continuously tunable low-pass filter by varactor at the feed of the antenna, the proposed antenna obtains a continuous tunable bandwidth from 1.02 GHz to 2.42 GHz. To ensure the identifiability of transmitted pulses in (IR-UWB) system, the antenna is analyzed in both frequency domain and time domain. The proposed antenna is valid with a system fidelity factor (SFF) above 0.8 while the bandwidth is tuning. The compact size, low cost, and tunable bandwidth with the identifiability of the transmitted pulse makes it suitable for UWB impulse radars to improve the utility ratio of frequency, and dynamic adjustment avoids interference of the IR-UWB in other communication frequency bands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Antenna Measurement Techniques for Radar, IoT and 5G Applications)
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12 pages, 3019 KiB  
Article
A High Channel Consistency Subarray of Plane-Wave Generators for 5G Base Station OTA Testing
by Zhaolong Qiao, Zhengpeng Wang and Jungang Miao
Electronics 2019, 8(10), 1148; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101148 - 11 Oct 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2322
Abstract
A high channel consistency subarray of plane-wave generators (PWG) is described for fifth-generation (5G) base station (BS) over-the-air (OTA) testing. Firstly, the variation of the near field radiation characteristics of the subarray based on the feed amplitude and phase errors of the traditional [...] Read more.
A high channel consistency subarray of plane-wave generators (PWG) is described for fifth-generation (5G) base station (BS) over-the-air (OTA) testing. Firstly, the variation of the near field radiation characteristics of the subarray based on the feed amplitude and phase errors of the traditional power divider network is analyzed. The recommended amplitude and phase errors between channels are given. After that, a novel subarray which combines four pyramidal horn antennas and a compact 1:4 waveguide power divider is designed. The optimized perfectly symmetrical zigzag waveguide transmission lines are used to realize consistent power allocation among antenna elements. No intermediate pins are employed, which avoids the significant deterioration of channel consistency caused by assembly errors. The size of the subarray is 4.89 λ0 × 4.97 λ0 × 1.23 λ0 (λ0 is the working wavelength corresponding to the subarray center frequency at 3.5 GHz). The VSWR < 1.5 impedance bandwidth covers 3.4 GHz to 3.6 GHz. The amplitude difference between the four elements of the subarray is less than 0.5 dB, and the phase difference is less than 3°. The simulated and measured results agree well in this design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Antenna Measurement Techniques for Radar, IoT and 5G Applications)
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17 pages, 17359 KiB  
Article
High-Resolution Bistatic ISAR Imaging of a Space Target with Sparse Aperture
by Lin Shi, Xiaoxiu Zhu, Chaoxuan Shang, Baofeng Guo, Juntao Ma and Ning Han
Electronics 2019, 8(8), 874; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8080874 - 7 Aug 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2825
Abstract
Due to the large size of space targets, migration through resolution cells (MTRC) are induced by a rotational motion in high-resolution bistatic inverse synthetic aperture radar (Bi-ISAR) systems. The inaccurate correction of MTRC degrades the quality of Bi-ISAR images. However, it is challenging [...] Read more.
Due to the large size of space targets, migration through resolution cells (MTRC) are induced by a rotational motion in high-resolution bistatic inverse synthetic aperture radar (Bi-ISAR) systems. The inaccurate correction of MTRC degrades the quality of Bi-ISAR images. However, it is challenging to correct the MTRC where sparse aperture data exists for Bi-ISAR systems. A joint approach of MTRC correction and sparse high-resolution imaging for Bi-ISAR systems is presented in this paper. First, a Bi-ISAR imaging sparse model-related to MTRC is established based on compress sensing (CS). Second, the target image elements and noise are modeled as the complex Laplace prior, and the Gaussian prior, respectively. Finally, the high-resolution, well-focused image is obtained by the full Bayesian inference method, without manual adjustments of unknown parameters. Simulated results verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed algorithm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Antenna Measurement Techniques for Radar, IoT and 5G Applications)
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17 pages, 680 KiB  
Article
Gridless Sparse Direction Finding Method for Correlated Signals with Gain-Phase Errors
by Xuan Zhang, Linxi Liu, Peng Chen, Zhenxin Cao and Zhimin Chen
Electronics 2019, 8(5), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8050557 - 17 May 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2969
Abstract
In practical array systems, the gain-phase errors among antennas degrade the performance of direction finding significantly. In this paper, a novel sparse system model for direction of arrival (DOA) estimation in the scenario with gain-phase errors is proposed by exploiting the signal sparsity [...] Read more.
In practical array systems, the gain-phase errors among antennas degrade the performance of direction finding significantly. In this paper, a novel sparse system model for direction of arrival (DOA) estimation in the scenario with gain-phase errors is proposed by exploiting the signal sparsity in the spatial domain. In contrast to the existing sparse-based methods using the grids to construct the dictionary matrix, a novel gridless method based on atomic norm and convex optimization is proposed, where the gain-phase errors are described by a diagonal matrix. With the Schur complement, a semidefinite programming is formulated from the optimization problem, and can be solved efficiently. With the gain-phase errors, the corresponding Cram’er-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of direction finding is derived as an estimation benchmark. Simulation results show that the proposed method performs better than the state-of-the-art methods in the scenario with correlated signals and gain-phase errors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Antenna Measurement Techniques for Radar, IoT and 5G Applications)
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