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Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines
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Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A4: Bio-Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 March 2023) | Viewed by 7633

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Jesper Schramm

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
Interests: Energy; Environment

Special Issue Information

Internal combustion engines have been used for power production for more than one century. For many years, crude-oil-based fuels have been preferred for these engines. Availability, price, and energy density have been crucial factors for dominance over these many years. Today, however, there is a need for conversion to new alternative fuels, primarily in order to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and to ensure energy supply in the future.

Road transport is the cause of much of the greenhouse gas emissions. In the case of passenger cars, there are promising alternatives to the internal combustion engine, in the form of electric and fuel-cell-powered vehicles. However, it will take several decades for the infrastructure and the production of these alternative vehicles to become more widely available. Therefore, there is also a need for alternative fuels that can be used in internal combustion engines without emitting CO2, or at least with reduced emissions. Furthermore, there are areas where internal combustion engines are preferred in the longer term.

To support the dissemination of knowledge in the field, this Special Issue invites presentations of the latest research and development and other information on alternative fuels for internal combustion engines.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to: performance, emissions, and GHG reducing potential in connection with the application of biofuels, e-fuels, and other relevant fuels.

Prof. Dr. Jesper Schramm
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Electrofuels for IC engines
  • Biofuels for IC engines
  • Performance and emissions in IC engines
  • GHG reducing potential
  • Sustainable energy supply

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 4107 KiB  
Article
Production and Economic Assessment of Synthetic Fuels in Agriculture—A Case Study from Northern Germany
by Clemens Fuchs, Drees Meyer and Axel Poehls
Energies 2022, 15(3), 1156; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031156 - 4 Feb 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2231
Abstract
A climate-friendly and CO2-neutral energy supply for agricultural farms is the subject of investigation of this study. The supply concerns the internal economy (buildings and animal husbandry) as well as the production of synthetic fuels for outdoor work (cultivation of the [...] Read more.
A climate-friendly and CO2-neutral energy supply for agricultural farms is the subject of investigation of this study. The supply concerns the internal economy (buildings and animal husbandry) as well as the production of synthetic fuels for outdoor work (cultivation of the fields). This energy is in demand with many customers, e.g., the dairy cooperative Arla Foods, whose goal is the production of cow’s milk with net-zero CO2 emissions by the year 2050. The operational energy system considered here included renewable electricity generation, covering electricity consumption in the cowshed, battery storage for times without electricity generation, the production of synthetic fuels and feeding into the public power grid. Fluctuations depending on the day and the season were taken into account for electricity at 15-min intervals and for fuel per calendar week for one year. The aim was to determine the necessary capacities of renewable energy (RE) generation systems and production systems for synthetic fuel, as well as an economic evaluation with the calculation of the energy costs per kWh and the break-evens for the capital expenses (CapEx). Two different scenarios were developed using the example of a survey dairy farm with an annual electricity consumption of approximately 80,000 kWh in the cowshed and an annual diesel consumption of 35,000 L, corresponding to 350,000 kWh for field work. To ensure the energy supply, Scenario 1 required a photovoltaic system (PV) on the roof with an output of 125 kWp, a 250 kW small wind turbine, a battery with a storage capacity of 2 kWh and synthetic fuel production with an output of 210 kW. Scenario 2 required a 200 kWp PV system on the roof and a 520 kWp PV system in the open fields, a battery with a 105 kWh storage capacity and a synthetic fuel production facility with an output of 385 kW to cover the farm’s energy needs. The results showed that a farm’s own electricity production is currently profitable; however, a farm’s production of synthetic fuel still has comparatively high costs and therefore is not yet profitable. Further technical advances, rising prices of fossil fuels and economies of scale, e.g., larger cooperatively-operated plants, could help new technology to make a breakthrough. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines)
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9 pages, 2125 KiB  
Article
Impact of a Synthetic Component on the Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds during the Combustion Process in a Miniature Turbine Engine
by Bartosz Gawron, Aleksander Górniak, Tomasz Białecki, Anna Janicka, Radosław Włostowski, Adriana Włóka, Justyna Molska and Maciej Zawiślak
Energies 2021, 14(24), 8462; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248462 - 15 Dec 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1702
Abstract
This paper refers to the study of biofuel as an alternative power source for turbine aviation engines. Blends of Jet A-1 fuel and synthesized hydrocarbons from Hydrotreated Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) technology at different proportions, such as 25%, 50% and 75%, were [...] Read more.
This paper refers to the study of biofuel as an alternative power source for turbine aviation engines. Blends of Jet A-1 fuel and synthesized hydrocarbons from Hydrotreated Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) technology at different proportions, such as 25%, 50% and 75%, were used for tests. All the test results were compared with the neat Jet A-1 fuel. A miniature GTM series turbojet engine was used in the test rig studies. During the tests conducted at a specific rotational speed, selected engine operating parameters as well as the emission of volatile organic compounds were measured. In terms of engine performance, no significant differences were found between the test fuels. The results of volatile organic compound emissions indicate that among the most toxic compounds the highest concentrations were obtained for benzene. The addition of the HEFA synthetic component and increasing its proportion in the blend resulted in the obtained concentration values for benzene showing a decreasing trend. The plotted utility profile indicates that the most optimal blend, i.e., the least toxic, is the blend with the share (v/v) of 62.5% of Jet A-1 fuel and 37.5% of HEFA component. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines)
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12 pages, 3895 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Particle Emissions from a DGEN 380 Small Turbofan Fueled with ATJ Blends
by Remigiusz Jasiński, Paula Kurzawska and Radosław Przysowa
Energies 2021, 14(12), 3368; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123368 - 8 Jun 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2243
Abstract
The fine particulate matter (PM) emitted from jet aircraft poses a serious threat to the environment and human health which can be mitigated by using biofuels. This paper aims to quantify PM emissions from a small turbofan fueled with the alcohol to jet [...] Read more.
The fine particulate matter (PM) emitted from jet aircraft poses a serious threat to the environment and human health which can be mitigated by using biofuels. This paper aims to quantify PM emissions from a small turbofan fueled with the alcohol to jet (ATJ) synthetic kerosene and its various blends (5%, 20%, and 30% of ATJ) with Jet A-1 fuel. Emissions from a turbofan engine (DGEN 380) with a high bypass ratio, applicable in small private jets, were studied. Among the four fuels tested, the PM-number emission index (EIN) was the lowest for the ATJ 30% blend. EIN for ATJ 30% dropped from 1.1 × 1017 to 4.7 × 1016 particles/kg of fuel. Burning alternative fuel blends reduced the particle mass emissions over the entire range of fuel flow by at least 117 mg/kg of fuel. The particles formed in the nucleation mechanism dominate PM emission, which is characteristic of jet engines. Thus, number-based particle size distributions (PSDs) exhibit a single mode log-normal distribution. The highest values of EIN were found for Jet A-1 neat compared to other fuels. The use of the ATJ additive did not cause significant changes in the size of the particles from nucleation mode. However, a magnitude reduction of nucleation mode was found with the increase in the ATJ ratio. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines)
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