Energies

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19 pages, 7421 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Direct Comparison of Immersion and Cold-Plate Based Cooling for Automotive Li-Ion Battery Modules

by Prahit Dubey, Gautam Pulugundla and A. K. Srouji

Energies 2021, 14(5), 1259; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051259 - 25 Feb 2021

Cited by 81 | Viewed by 7726

The current paper evaluates the thermal performance of immersion cooling for an Electric Vehicle (EV) battery module comprised of NCA-chemistry based cylindrical 21700 format Lithium-ion cells. Efficacy of immersion cooling in improving maximum cell temperature, cell’s temperature gradient, cell-to-cell temperature differential, and pressure [...] Read more.

The current paper evaluates the thermal performance of immersion cooling for an Electric Vehicle (EV) battery module comprised of NCA-chemistry based cylindrical 21700 format Lithium-ion cells. Efficacy of immersion cooling in improving maximum cell temperature, cell’s temperature gradient, cell-to-cell temperature differential, and pressure drop in the module are investigated by direct comparison with a cold-plate-cooled battery module. Parametric analyses are performed at different module discharge C-rates and coolant flow rates to understand the sensitivity of each cooling strategy to important system performance parameters. The entire numerical analysis is performed using a validated

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time-accurate Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methodology in STAR-CCM+. Results demonstrate that immersion cooling due its higher thermal conductance leads to a lower maximum cell temperature and lower temperature gradients within the cells at high discharge rates. However, a higher rate of heat rejection and poor thermal properties of the dielectric liquid results in a much higher temperature non-uniformity across the module. At lower discharge rates, the two cooling methods show similar thermal performance. Additionally, owing to the lower viscosity and density of the considered dielectric liquid, an immersion-cooled battery module performs significantly better than the cold-plate-cooled module in terms of both coolant pressure drop. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling and Analysis of Distributed Energy Storage)

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14 pages, 968 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Strategic Capacity Withholding from Distributed Energy Storage within Microgrids Providing Energy and Reserve Services

by Fernando J. Lanas, Francisco J. Martínez-Conde, Diego Alvarado, Rodrigo Moreno, Patricio Mendoza-Araya and Guillermo Jiménez-Estévez

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5235; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195235 - 8 Oct 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1952

Abstract

Microgrids have the potential to provide security and flexibility to power systems through the integration of a wide range of resources, including distributed energy storage, usually in the form of batteries. An aggregation of microgrids can enable the participation of these resources in [...] Read more.

Microgrids have the potential to provide security and flexibility to power systems through the integration of a wide range of resources, including distributed energy storage, usually in the form of batteries. An aggregation of microgrids can enable the participation of these resources in the main system’s energy and ancillary services market. The traditional minimum-cost operation, however, can undermine microgrid’s ability to hold reserve capacity for operation in islanded mode and can rapidly degrade distributed batteries. This paper studies the impacts of various operational strategies from distributed energy storage plants on their revenues and on market prices, considering an array of microgrids that act in a synchronized fashion. The operational model minimizes the entire electric power system cost, considering transmission-connected and distributed energy resources, and capturing capacity degradation of batteries as part of the cost function. Additionally, microgrid-based, distributed batteries can provide energy arbitrage and both system-level and microgrid-level security services. Through several case studies, we demonstrate the economic impacts of distributed energy storage providing these services, including also capacity degradation. We also demonstrate the benefits of providing reserve services in terms of extra revenue and battery lifespan. Finally, we conclude that limitations in the provision of system-level services from distributed batteries due to degradation considerations and higher microgrid-level security requirements may, counterintuitively, increase system-level revenues for storage owners, if such degradation considerations and microgrid-level security requirements are adopted, at once, by a large number of microgrids, leading to unintended, non-strategic capacity withholding by distributed storage owners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling and Analysis of Distributed Energy Storage)

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28 pages, 1763 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Day-Ahead Scheduling of Microgrids with Battery Energy Storage System

by Vanderlei Aparecido Silva, Alexandre Rasi Aoki and Germano Lambert-Torres

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5188; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195188 - 5 Oct 2020

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3320

Abstract

Optimal scheduling is a requirement for microgrids to participate in current and future energy markets. Although the number of research articles on this subject is on the rise, there is a shortage of papers containing detailed mathematical modeling of the distributed energy resources [...] Read more.

Optimal scheduling is a requirement for microgrids to participate in current and future energy markets. Although the number of research articles on this subject is on the rise, there is a shortage of papers containing detailed mathematical modeling of the distributed energy resources available in a microgrid. To address this gap, this paper presents in detail how to mathematically model resources such as battery energy storage systems, solar generation systems, directly controllable loads, load shedding, scheduled intentional islanding, and generation curtailment in the microgrid optimal scheduling problem. The proposed modeling also includes a methodology to determine the availability cost of battery and solar systems assets. Simulations were carried out considering energy prices from an actual time-of-use tariff, costs based on real market data, and scenarios with scheduled islanding. Simulation results provide support to validate the proposed model. Data illustrate how energy arbitrage can reduce microgrid costs in a time-of-use tariff. Results also show how the microgrid’s self-sufficiency and the storage system’s capacity can impact the microgrid’s energy bill. The findings also bring out the need to consider the scheduled islanding event in the day-ahead optimization for microgrids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling and Analysis of Distributed Energy Storage)

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20 pages, 10624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Battery Storage System for Malaysia Low Voltage Distribution Network with the Presence of Residential Solar Photovoltaic System

by Meysam Shamshiri, Chin Kim Gan, Junainah Sardi, Mau Teng Au and Wei Hown Tee

Energies 2020, 13(18), 4887; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184887 - 18 Sep 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3245

Abstract

The recent proliferation of residential solar photovoltaic systems has prompted several technical challenges to the operation of low voltage (LV) distribution networks. More specifically, the mismatch of the solar generation and demand profiles, particularly during the midday when the demand is low and [...] Read more.

The recent proliferation of residential solar photovoltaic systems has prompted several technical challenges to the operation of low voltage (LV) distribution networks. More specifically, the mismatch of the solar generation and demand profiles, particularly during the midday when the demand is low and solar generation is high, can lead to network overvoltages and increased network losses. In addition, the solar photovoltaic system is not able to reduce the system’s maximum demand, given the residential LV network would normally have an evening peak when the sun goes down. In this regard, this paper examines two different control strategies in designing the battery energy storage system. One aims to eliminate reverse flow caused by the surplus solar energy and the other aims for peak demand reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling and Analysis of Distributed Energy Storage)

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12 pages, 2011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Scheduling for Energy Storage Systems in Distribution Networks

by Miquel Escoto, Mario Montagud, Noemi González, Alejandro Belinchón, Adriana Valentina Trujillo, Julián Romero, Julio César Díaz-Cabrera, Marta Pellicer García and Alfredo Quijano López

Energies 2020, 13(15), 3921; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13153921 - 31 Jul 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2483

Abstract

Distributed energy storage may play a key role in the operation of future low-carbon power systems as they can help to facilitate the provision of the required flexibility to cope with the intermittency and volatility featured by renewable generation. Within this context, this [...] Read more.

Distributed energy storage may play a key role in the operation of future low-carbon power systems as they can help to facilitate the provision of the required flexibility to cope with the intermittency and volatility featured by renewable generation. Within this context, this paper addresses an optimization methodology that will allow managing distributed storage systems of different technology and characteristics in a specific distribution network, taking into account not only the technical aspects of the network and the storage systems but also the uncertainties linked to demand and renewable energy variability. The implementation of the proposed methodology will allow facilitating the integration of energy storage systems within future smart grids. This paper’s results demonstrate numerically the good performance of the developed methodology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling and Analysis of Distributed Energy Storage)

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29 pages, 10954 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On-Board and Wayside Energy Storage Devices Applications in Urban Transport Systems—Case Study Analysis for Power Applications

by Petru Valentin Radu, Miroslaw Lewandowski and Adam Szelag

Energies 2020, 13(8), 2013; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13082013 - 17 Apr 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3600

Abstract

This paper investigates the benefits of using the on-board energy storage devices (OESD) and wayside energy storage devices (WESD) in light rail transportation (metro and tram) systems. The analysed benefits are the use of OESD and WESD as a source of supply in [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the benefits of using the on-board energy storage devices (OESD) and wayside energy storage devices (WESD) in light rail transportation (metro and tram) systems. The analysed benefits are the use of OESD and WESD as a source of supply in an emergency metro scenario to safely evacuate the passengers blocked in a metro train between stations; the use of OESD for catenary free sections, the benefits of using the WESD as an energy source for electrical car charging points and tram traction power supply; the benefits of using a central communication system between trams, cars, WESD and electrical car charging points. The authors investigated the use of: OESD with batteries for a catenary free section for different scenarios (full route or a catenary free section between two stations); the charge of OESD between stations (in parallel with tram motoring) to decrease the charging dwell time at stations and to help in achieving the operational timetable; the thermal effect of the additional load on the overhead contact system (OCS) when the tram is charging between stations; the sizing of OESD and WESD for emergency feeding in a metro system. The authors investigated the use of the WESD as a source of energy for the electrical car charging points to reduce the car pollution and carbon emissions. Presented in the paper is the enhanced multi train simulator with WESD prepared for the analyses conducted. The paper describes the DC electrical solver and WESD control method. A validation of the software has been conducted in regard to the substation voltage, WESD energy balance and WESD control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling and Analysis of Distributed Energy Storage)

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15 pages, 1586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantification of the Energy Storage Contribution to Security of Supply through the F-Factor Methodology

by Spyros Giannelos, Predrag Djapic, Danny Pudjianto and Goran Strbac

Energies 2020, 13(4), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13040826 - 14 Feb 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3162

Abstract

The ongoing electrification of the heat and transport sectors is expected to lead to a substantial increase in peak electricity demand over the coming decades, which may drive significant investment in network reinforcement in order to maintain a secure supply of electricity to [...] Read more.

The ongoing electrification of the heat and transport sectors is expected to lead to a substantial increase in peak electricity demand over the coming decades, which may drive significant investment in network reinforcement in order to maintain a secure supply of electricity to consumers. The traditional way of security provision has been based on conventional investments such as the upgrade of the capacity of electricity transmission or distribution lines. However, energy storage can also provide security of supply. In this context, the current paper presents a methodology for the quantification of the security contribution of energy storage, based on the use of mathematical optimization for the calculation of the F-factor metric, which reflects the optimal amount of peak demand reduction that can be achieved as compared to the power capability of the corresponding energy storage asset. In this context, case studies underline that the F-factors decrease with greater storage power capability and increase with greater storage efficiency and energy capacity as well as peakiness of the load profile. Furthermore, it is shown that increased investment in energy storage per system bus does not increase the overall contribution to security of supply. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling and Analysis of Distributed Energy Storage)

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22 pages, 4412 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On-Board Energy Storage Devices with Supercapacitors for Metro Trains—Case Study Analysis of Application Effectiveness

by Petru Valentin Radu, Adam Szelag and Marcin Steczek

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1291; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071291 - 4 Apr 2019

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 5195

Abstract

This paper presents an analysis on using an on-board energy storage device (ESD) for enhancing braking energy re-use in electrified railway transportation. A simulation model was developed in the programming language C++ to help with the sizing of the ESD. The simulation model [...] Read more.

This paper presents an analysis on using an on-board energy storage device (ESD) for enhancing braking energy re-use in electrified railway transportation. A simulation model was developed in the programming language C++ to help with the sizing of the ESD. The simulation model based on the mathematical description has been proposed for a train equipped with on-board ESD for analysis of effectiveness of its application. A case study was carried out for a metro line taking into consideration train characteristics, track alignment, line velocity limits and a running time table. This case study was used to assess the energy savings and perform a cost-benefit analysis for different sizes of the on-board ESD by applying the proposed approach. It was shown that when additional environmental benefits (reduction of CO₂ emissions) are considered, this may significantly improve effectiveness of the investments due to CO₂ European Emission allowances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling and Analysis of Distributed Energy Storage)

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24 pages, 6110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Storage Scheduling in Distribution Systems Considering Wind and Photovoltaic Generation Uncertainties

by Iver Bakken Sperstad and Magnus Korpås

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1231; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071231 - 30 Mar 2019

Cited by 77 | Viewed by 6321

Abstract

Flexible distributed energy resources, such as energy storage systems (ESSs), are increasingly considered as means for mitigating challenges introduced by the integration of stochastic, variable distributed generation (DG). The optimal operation of a distribution system with ESS can be formulated as a multi-period [...] Read more.

Flexible distributed energy resources, such as energy storage systems (ESSs), are increasingly considered as means for mitigating challenges introduced by the integration of stochastic, variable distributed generation (DG). The optimal operation of a distribution system with ESS can be formulated as a multi-period optimal power flow (MPOPF) problem which involves scheduling of the charging/discharging of the ESS over an extended planning horizon, e.g., for day-ahead operational planning. Although such problems have been the subject of many works in recent years, these works very rarely consider uncertainties in DG, and almost never explicitly consider uncertainties beyond the current operational planning horizon. This article presents a framework of methods and models for accounting for uncertainties due to distributed wind and solar photovoltaic power generation beyond the planning horizon in an AC MPOPF model for distribution systems with ESS. The expected future value of energy stored at the end of the planning horizon is determined as a function of the stochastic DG resource variables and is explicitly included in the objective function. Results for a case study based on a real distribution system in Norway demonstrate the effectiveness of an operational strategy for ESS scheduling accounting for DG uncertainties. The case study compares the application of the framework to wind and solar power generation. Thus, this work also gives insight into how different approaches are appropriate for modeling DG uncertainty for these two forms of variable DG, due to their inherent differences in terms of variability and stochasticity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling and Analysis of Distributed Energy Storage)

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