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Energies
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Innovative HVDC and MVDC Connection Schemes for Offshore Wind Farms
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Innovative HVDC and MVDC Connection Schemes for Offshore Wind Farms

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2022) | Viewed by 17342

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Agusti Egea-Alvarez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK
Interests: grid forming and virtual synchronous machine converter control algorithms; control of voltage source converters to weak grids and low inertia systems; alternative HVDC connection schemes for offshore wind farm; control and operation of DC–DC converters for HVDC systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Dimitrios Vozikis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for Energy and Environment, PEDEC Group, Electronic and Electrical Engineering Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK
Interests: power electronics; HVDC; fault management; multilevel converters; hybrid converters; transient analysis; grid connected converters

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Wind power has become the most promising renewable energy resource for electrical generation. Offshore sites are seen as the most prominent locations with higher wind speed and capacity factor compared to onshore. However, with more and more large offshore wind farms being built at greater distances from the shore, alternate current technology is reaching its limit, and the DC technologies are becoming more advantageous and competitive. HVDC systems have been proved a practical solution with several links already in operation. Also, MVDC is gaining the attention of researchers and academics as a potential solution for mid-power offshore wind farms. This Special Issue aims to publish articles that provide novel insights for several challenges that exist in the development of MVDC and HVDC networks and the interface of wind turbines including but not limited to:

Offshore wind turbine and wind farm topologies, operation, and control:

  • Advanced converter topologies for offshore wind farms
  • Control and operation of offshore wind turbines
  • New grid-forming and grid following controllers of wind turbines
  • Provision of wind farm ancillary services
  • Diode rectifier interfaced wind turbines
  • Series connected offshore wind turbines
  • Offshore wind farms black start

MVDC and HVDC networks topologies, operation, and control:

  • New offshore DC networks topologies
  • New DC/DC converters control and topologies for power flow control
  • Tapping converters
  • Operation and control of DC networks
  • Control interactions and harmonic analysis of DC networks
  • Power flow control algorithms
  • Development of DC interconnectors using innovative components, converter topologies, architecture and system performances, to reach higher cost-efficiency RES penetration
  • Interactions between offshore wind generators and DC networks
  • DC fault detection and DC breakers
  • Muiltimerninal and DC grid topologies and control

Grid side converters and grid integration:

  • Innovative MMC converters for grid integration
  • Integration of energy storage in DC links
  • New grid-forming and grid following controllers for HVDC converters
  • Provision of grid ancillary services
  • Interactions between offshore wind generators and HVDC networks
  • Network power-sharing techniques
  • Fault ride-through of grid-connected converters

Dr. Agusti Egea-Alvarez
Dr. Dimitrios Vozikis
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • HVDC
  • Offshore Wind farms
  • DC network
  • MVDC
  • Modular Multilevel Converters

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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24 pages, 3571 KiB  
Article
Adaptive Impedance-Conditioned Phase-Locked Loop for the VSC Converter Connected to Weak Grid
by Mostafa A. Hamood, Ognjen Marjanovic and Joaquin Carrasco
Energies 2021, 14(19), 6040; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196040 - 23 Sep 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3346
Abstract
In this paper, an adaptive version of the impedance-conditioned phase-locked loop (IC-PLL), namely the adaptive IC-PLL (AIC-PLL), is proposed. The IC-PLL has recently been proposed to address the issue of synchronisation with a weak AC grid by supplementing the conventional synchronous reference frame [...] Read more.
In this paper, an adaptive version of the impedance-conditioned phase-locked loop (IC-PLL), namely the adaptive IC-PLL (AIC-PLL), is proposed. The IC-PLL has recently been proposed to address the issue of synchronisation with a weak AC grid by supplementing the conventional synchronous reference frame phase-locked loop (SRF-PLL) with an additional virtual impedance term. The resulting IC-PLL aims to synchronise the converter to a remote and stronger point in the grid, hence increasing the upper bound on the achievable power transfer achieved by the VSC converter connected to the weak grid. However, the issue of the variable grid strength imposes another challenge in the operation of the IC-PLL. This is because the IC-PLL requires impedance estimation methods to estimate the value of the virtual impedance part. In AIC-PLL, the virtual impedance part is estimated by appending another dynamic loop in the exciting IC-PLL. In this method, an additional closed loop is involved so that the values of the virtual inductance and resistance are internally estimated and adapted. Hence, the VSC converter becomes effectively viable for the case of the grid strength variable, where the estimation of the grid impedance becomes unnecessary. The results show that the converter that relies on AIC-PLL has the ability to transfer power that is approximately equal to the theoretical maximum power while maintaining satisfactory dynamic performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative HVDC and MVDC Connection Schemes for Offshore Wind Farms)
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24 pages, 3168 KiB  
Article
Reliability and Economic Evaluation of Offshore Wind Power DC Collection Systems
by Ruijuan Sun, Gayan Abeynayake, Jun Liang and Kewen Wang
Energies 2021, 14(10), 2922; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102922 - 18 May 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2990
Abstract
One key directive to realize the global transition towards net-zero emission goals is to integrate more renewable energy resources into the generation mix. Due to higher and more consistent wind speeds, offshore wind farms (OWFs) have the potential to generate more energy at [...] Read more.
One key directive to realize the global transition towards net-zero emission goals is to integrate more renewable energy resources into the generation mix. Due to higher and more consistent wind speeds, offshore wind farms (OWFs) have the potential to generate more energy at a steadier rate than their onshore counterpart. However, at the collection system level, all the OWFs use alternating current (AC) technology at present. Nonetheless, with an increasing capacity of the single wind turbine (WT) and larger distances to the shore, the use of direct current (DC) technology at the collection system level is beneficial. To select a suitable DC collection system topology, this paper proposes a comprehensive analytical reliability evaluation method, based on the Universal Generating Function technique, together with associated economic factors. Four candidates DC collection system options were evaluated with different WT capacities for a 400 MW OWF. The availability indices such as Generation Ratio Availability and Expected Energy Not Supplied were used to assess their reliability levels. The results show that the radial topology with a single platform DC/DC converter is more reliable and economical than the other candidate options. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative HVDC and MVDC Connection Schemes for Offshore Wind Farms)
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21 pages, 8455 KiB  
Article
Innovative Energy Management System for MVDC Networks with Black-Start Capabilities
by Abdulrahman Alassi, Khaled Ahmed, Agustí Egea-Àlvarez and Omar Ellabban
Energies 2021, 14(8), 2100; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082100 - 9 Apr 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2835
Abstract
Medium voltage DC (MVDC) networks are attracting more attention amid increased renewables penetration. The reliability of these DC systems is critical, especially following grid contingencies to maintain critical loads supply and provide ancillary services, such as black-start. This paper proposes an innovative energy [...] Read more.
Medium voltage DC (MVDC) networks are attracting more attention amid increased renewables penetration. The reliability of these DC systems is critical, especially following grid contingencies to maintain critical loads supply and provide ancillary services, such as black-start. This paper proposes an innovative energy management system (EMS) to maintain reliable MVDC network operation under prolonged AC grid contingencies. Similar EMS designs in literature tend to focus on limited operating modes and fall short of covering comprehensive elongated blackout considerations. The proposed EMS in this paper aims to preserve the distribution network functionality of the impacted MVDC system through maintaining a constant DC bus voltage, maximizing critical load supply duration, and maintaining the MVDC system black-start readiness. These objectives are achieved through controlling generation units between Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and Voltage Regulation (VR) modes, and implementing a smart load shedding and restoration algorithm based on network parameters feedback, such as storage State of Change (SoC) and available resources. Practical design considerations for MVDC network participation in AC network black start, and the following grid synchronization steps are presented and tested as part of the EMS. The proposed system is validated through simulations and scaled lab setup experimental scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative HVDC and MVDC Connection Schemes for Offshore Wind Farms)
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Review

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36 pages, 6073 KiB  
Review
Review of MVDC Applications, Technologies, and Future Prospects
by Sophie Coffey, Victor Timmers, Rui Li, Guanglu Wu and Agustí Egea-Àlvarez
Energies 2021, 14(24), 8294; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248294 - 9 Dec 2021
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 6705
Abstract
This paper presents a complete review of MVDC applications and their required technologies. Four main MVDC applications were investigated: rail, shipboard systems, distribution grids, and offshore collection systems. For each application, the voltage and power levels, grid structures, converter topologies, and protection and [...] Read more.
This paper presents a complete review of MVDC applications and their required technologies. Four main MVDC applications were investigated: rail, shipboard systems, distribution grids, and offshore collection systems. For each application, the voltage and power levels, grid structures, converter topologies, and protection and control structure were reviewed. Case studies of the varying applications as well as the literature were analyzed to ascertain the common trends and to review suggested future topologies. For rail, ship, and distribution systems, the technology and ability to implement MVDC grids is available, and there are already a number of case studies. Offshore wind collection systems, however, are yet able to be implemented. Across the four applications, the MVDC voltages ranged from 5–50 kV DC and tens of MW, with some papers suggesting an upper limit of 100 kV DC and hundreds of MV for distribution networks and offshore wind farm applications. This enables the use of varying technologies at both the lower and high voltage ranges, giving flexibility in the choice of topology that is required required. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative HVDC and MVDC Connection Schemes for Offshore Wind Farms)
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