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2 pages, 188 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Modeling, Simulation and Control of Wind Diesel Power Systems

by Rafael Sebastián

Energies 2022, 15(5), 1712; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051712 - 25 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1559

Abstract

Wind diesel power systems (WDPS) are isolated microgrids which combine diesel generators (DGs) with wind turbine generators (WTGs) [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Simulation and Control of Wind Diesel Power Systems)

Research

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14 pages, 3680 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Intelligent Control and Modes of the Arctic-Adopted Wind–Diesel Hybrid System

by Viktor Elistratov, Mikhail Konishchev, Roman Denisov, Inna Bogun, Aki Grönman, Teemu Turunen-Saaresti and Afonso Julian Lugo

Energies 2021, 14(14), 4188; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144188 - 11 Jul 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2081

Abstract

For energy supply in the Arctic regions, hybrid systems should be designed and equipped to ensure a high level of renewable energy penetration. Energy systems located in remote Arctic areas may experience many peculiar challenges, for example, due to the limited transport options [...] Read more.

For energy supply in the Arctic regions, hybrid systems should be designed and equipped to ensure a high level of renewable energy penetration. Energy systems located in remote Arctic areas may experience many peculiar challenges, for example, due to the limited transport options throughout the year and the lack of qualified on-site maintenance specialists. Reliable operation of such systems in harsh climatic conditions requires not only a standard control system but also an advanced system based on predictions concerning weather, wind, and ice accretion on the blades. To satisfy these requirements, the current work presents an advanced intelligent automatic control system. In the developed control system, the transformation, control, and distribution of energy are based on dynamic power redistribution, dynamic control of dump loads, and a bi-directional current transducer. The article shows the architecture of the advanced control system, presents the results of field studies under the standard control approach, and models the performance of the system under different operating modes. Additionally, the effect of using turbine control to reduce the effects of icing is examined. It is shown that the advanced control approach can reduce fuel consumption in field tests by 22%. Moreover, the proposed turbine control scheme has the potential to reduce icing effects by 2% to 5%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Simulation and Control of Wind Diesel Power Systems)

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27 pages, 7529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Taking into Consideration the Inclusion of Wind Generation in Hybrid Microgrids: A Methodology and a Case Study

by Luis Arribas, Natalia Bitenc and Andreo Benech

Energies 2021, 14(14), 4082; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144082 - 6 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1839

Abstract

During the last decades, there has been great interest in the research community with respect to PV-Wind systems but figures show that, in practice, only PV-Diesel Power Systems (PVDPS) are being implemented. There are some barriers for the inclusion of wind generation in [...] Read more.

During the last decades, there has been great interest in the research community with respect to PV-Wind systems but figures show that, in practice, only PV-Diesel Power Systems (PVDPS) are being implemented. There are some barriers for the inclusion of wind generation in hybrid microgrids and some of them are economic barriers while others are technical barriers. This paper is focused on some of the identified technical barriers and presents a methodology to facilitate the inclusion of wind generation system in the design process in an affordable manner. An example of the application of this methodology and its results is shown through a case study. The case study is an existing PVDPS where there is an interest to incorporate wind generation in order to cope with a foreseen increase in the demand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Simulation and Control of Wind Diesel Power Systems)

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23 pages, 8036 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Range Integrated Development Analysis: The Cuban Isla de la Juventud Study Case

by Ernesto Alberto Alvarez, Mika Korkeakoski, Ariel Santos Fuentefría, Miriam Lourdes Filgueiras Sainz de Rozas, Ramsés Arcila Padura and Jyrki Luukkanen

Energies 2021, 14(10), 2865; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102865 - 15 May 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2293

Abstract

The use of renewable energy sources (RES) has increased exponentially worldwide, as an alternative to the indiscriminate use of fossil fuels and to mitigate their effects on the environment. Cuba is not lagging behind in this development since the government’s plan until 2030 [...] Read more.

The use of renewable energy sources (RES) has increased exponentially worldwide, as an alternative to the indiscriminate use of fossil fuels and to mitigate their effects on the environment. Cuba is not lagging behind in this development since the government’s plan until 2030 includes the contribution of renewable sources as a fundamental component in the national energy mix. This paper models possible scenarios based on 2019 statistics for achieving a 25% and 100% penetration of renewable sources by 2030 in the Isla de la Juventud’s (an island south of the main island of Cuba) electrical power system (EPS). This modeling is carried out utilizing and open source Excel-based accounting framework Long-range Integrated Development Analysis (LINDA). For this purpose, international and national trends in the use and development of renewable energy sources and the influence of the characteristics of each renewable source (wind, solar, biodiesel, battery storage) were analyzed. The analysis of Isla de la Juventud’s electrical power system was based on the characteristics of its energy mix, the possibilities of renewable energy penetration and the current and future energy demand by sector. Based on the analysis, two probable scenarios were modeled with LINDA model: a 25% renewable energy-based scenario (RENES) and a 100% renewables-based scenario (MAXRES). Results from RENES and MAXRES scenarios show high penetration of renewable energy sources in electricity generation is theoretically possible with the abundance of renewable energy resources, and thus it is possible for Cuba to move towards 100% renewable energy mix. However, the choices regarding the best fit energy mix need to be carefully analyzed in order to design a least cost system that answers the needs of the future demand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Simulation and Control of Wind Diesel Power Systems)

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15 pages, 600 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study and Simulation of a Wind Hydro Isolated Microgrid

by Rafael Sebastián and Antonio Nevado

Energies 2020, 13(22), 5937; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13225937 - 13 Nov 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2135

Abstract

Isolated microgrids are microgrids which operate autonomously. This paper presents an isolated microgrid which combines a Hydraulic Turbine Generator (HTG) with a Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) to supply consumers forming a Wind Hydro Isolated Microgrid (WHIM). The WHIM includes a Dump Load (DL) [...] Read more.

Isolated microgrids are microgrids which operate autonomously. This paper presents an isolated microgrid which combines a Hydraulic Turbine Generator (HTG) with a Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) to supply consumers forming a Wind Hydro Isolated Microgrid (WHIM). The WHIM includes a Dump Load (DL) to dissipate the active power excess. The WHIM has been modeled and its operation has been simulated in two modes: Wind-Hydro (WH), where both HTG and WTG supply power, and Wind-Only (WO) mode, where the WTG is the active power supplier and the HTG keeps connected to the grid with null power to generate the grid voltage. In WO, a fast frequency regulation is achieved by means of a controller which commands the DL to consume the WTG power excess. Additionally, the simulation of the mode transition from WO to WH, which is triggered by a system active power deficit in WO mode, is shown. A kick starting system designed to speed up the HTG power production improves the transient from WO to WH mode change. Finally, the simulations in WH mode show the interaction between the HTG and WTG. The two controls proposed have been proved effective and the simulations show a good WHIM dynamic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Simulation and Control of Wind Diesel Power Systems)

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19 pages, 2064 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

An Adaptive Control Scheme for Variable Speed Wind Turbines Providing Frequency Regulation in Isolated Power Systems with Thermal Generation

by Ana Fernández-Guillamón, Guillermo Martínez-Lucas, Ángel Molina-García and Jose Ignacio Sarasua

Energies 2020, 13(13), 3369; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133369 - 1 Jul 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2517

Abstract

The lack of synchronous inertia, associated with the relevant penetration of variable speed wind turbines (VSWTs) into isolated power systems, has increased their vulnerability to strong frequency deviations. In fact, the activation of load shedding schemes is a common practice when an incident [...] Read more.

The lack of synchronous inertia, associated with the relevant penetration of variable speed wind turbines (VSWTs) into isolated power systems, has increased their vulnerability to strong frequency deviations. In fact, the activation of load shedding schemes is a common practice when an incident occurs, i.e., the outage of a conventional unit. Under this framework, wind power plants should actively contribute to frequency stability and grid reliability. However, the contribution of VSWTs to frequency regulation involves several drawbacks related to their efficiency and equipment wear due to electrical power requirements, rotational speed changes, and subsequently, shaft torque oscillations. As a result, wind energy producers are not usually willing to offer such frequency regulation. In this paper, a new control technique is proposed to optimize the frequency response of wind power plants after a power imbalanced situation. The proposed frequency controller depends on different power system parameters through a linear regression to determine the contribution of wind power plants for each imbalance condition. As a consequence, VSWTs frequency contribution is estimated to minimize their mechanical and electrical efforts, thus reducing their equipment wear. A group of sixty supply-side and imbalance scenarios are simulated and analyzed. Results of the case study are compared to previous proposals. The proposed adaptive control reduces the maximum torque and rotational speed variations while at the same time maintaining similar values of the load shedding program. Extensive results and discussion are included in the paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Simulation and Control of Wind Diesel Power Systems)

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15 pages, 5223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flywheel Energy Storage and Dump Load to Control the Active Power Excess in a Wind Diesel Power System

by Rafael Sebastián and Rafael Peña-Alzola

Energies 2020, 13(8), 2029; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13082029 - 18 Apr 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3984

Abstract

Wind Diesel Power Systems (WDPS) are isolated microgrids which combine Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs) with Diesel Generators (DGs). The WDPS modelled in this article is composed of a DG, a WTG, consumer load, Dump Load (DL) and a Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS). [...] Read more.

Wind Diesel Power Systems (WDPS) are isolated microgrids which combine Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs) with Diesel Generators (DGs). The WDPS modelled in this article is composed of a DG, a WTG, consumer load, Dump Load (DL) and a Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS). In the Wind-Diesel (WD) mode both the DG and WTG supply power to the consumers. The WDPS is simulated in the WD mode in the case that the WTG produced power exceeds the load consumption. This WTG excess power case is simulated in the subcases of DL and FESS turned off, only-DL and only-FESS. Simulations for the DL and FESS-off case show that the WTG excess power leads to a continuous system frequency increase, so that the tripping of the WTG Circuit Breaker (CB) is required to guarantee the WDPS power supply continuity. Simulations for the only-DL/only-FESS cases show that commanding the DL/FESS to consume controlled power, so that the required DG power to balance the system active power is positive, enables the DE speed governor to regulate the system frequency. Furthermore, the frequency and voltage variations in the DL/FESS cases are moderate and there is no need to trip the WTG-CB, so that the WDPS reliability and power quality are greatly improved. Additionally, the only-FESS case obtains better WDPS relative stability than the only-DL case. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Simulation and Control of Wind Diesel Power Systems)

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Review

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17 pages, 3261 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review on Dynamic Simulation of Wind Diesel Isolated Microgrids

by Rafael Sebastián

Energies 2021, 14(7), 1812; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071812 - 24 Mar 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2383

Abstract

Wind diesel isolated microgrids (WDIMs) combine wind turbine generators (WTGs) with diesel generators (DGs) to supply electricity to remote consumers. WDIMs are low-inertia isolated power systems where large system frequency and voltage variations occur. WDIM dynamic modeling allows short-term simulations to be performed [...] Read more.

Wind diesel isolated microgrids (WDIMs) combine wind turbine generators (WTGs) with diesel generators (DGs) to supply electricity to remote consumers. WDIMs are low-inertia isolated power systems where large system frequency and voltage variations occur. WDIM dynamic modeling allows short-term simulations to be performed and detailed electrical variable transients to be obtained so that the WDIM power quality and stability can be tested. This paper presents a literature review about WDIM dynamic simulation. The review classifies articles according to factors such as the different WDIM operation modes (diesel only, wind–diesel and wind only) simulated, the types of WTGs used in the WDIM (constant- and variable-speed types), or the use of different short-term energy storage technologies (batteries, ultracapacitors, flywheels) to improve the WDIM power quality, stability and reliability. Papers about the dynamic simulation of related isolated microgrids are also reviewed. Finally, as an example of WDIM dynamic simulation, a WDIM with one WTG, one DG, load and a discrete dump load (DL) is modeled and simulated. The WDIM response to variations of wind speed and load consumption is shown by graphs of the main electrical variables. The simulations show how the DL is used to improve the WDIM stability and reliability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Simulation and Control of Wind Diesel Power Systems)

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