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Optimization Techniques Applied for the Integration of Distributed Generation from Renewable Energy Sources

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F2: Distributed Energy System".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 July 2022) | Viewed by 4511

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering and Informatics, Frederick University, Nicosia 1036, Cyprus
Interests: power systems; distributed generation; power quality; wiring regulations

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Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering and Informatics, Frederick University, Limassol 31036, Cyprus
Interests: smart grids-demand response; control systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The integration of renewables dates back to as early as the 1980s, when the world’s first wind farm opened in the USA, serving as a test facility (NB now closed for some decades). In 2019, for the first time ever, more energy was generated in the UK and the USA from zero carbon emission sources than by conventional energy sources such as fossil fuels. Considering the expectations and the targets for a decarbonized society, many technological challenges are expected to appear ahead. Many of these challenges have not yet surfaced and as the integration of renewables unavoidably further expands, being prepared is essential.

Electricity markets around the world are becoming more and more liberalized, with production, transmission and distribution being transferred to the private sector. All these synergies require a framework that will offer robustness, speed, stability and of course, accuracy and correctness to the day-to-day and day-ahead operations. This future aggregated energy market will be multitasked, relying on the contribution of elements such as smart meters, energy storage and forecasting techniques, not to mention the integration of new renewable energy sources such as those of hydrogen technology that are arriving rapidly.

The accomplished technological progress does reflect, however, on the infrastructure that is currently installed and in operation. Considering, for example, the simple example of residential photovoltaic systems, these can be exploited by stakeholders for various kind of operations, such as supporting and improving the power quality of the grid without considerable further capital investment. It is therefore interesting for researchers to investigate how they can make the most out of already installed equipment. The grid converter, for instance, can support the grid during abnormal conditions but may also be used to improve the power quality, aspects that are part of the requirements of the future aggregated energy market previously mentioned.

This Special Issue welcomes research and review papers on areas directly or indirectly linked with the decarbonized electricity market and which will contribute to optimizing the integration of renewable energy sources. Papers on both the technological and economical aspects of RES integration are welcome. The objective and aim of this Special Issue are to intrigue the readers with research that relates to the broad aspect of modern, carbon-free electricity markets, with control strategies and techniques for any type of technology part of this electricity market, including renewable energy sources, storage, smart meters, tariffs, power quality, stability and reliability.

Dr. Nicholas Christofides
Dr. Marios Lestas
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • renewable energy sources
  • grid integration
  • electrical storage
  • carbon-free electricity market
  • grid reliability
  • power quality
  • grid side converter
  • point of common coupling (pcc)

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 6647 KiB  
Article
A Day-Ahead Energy Management for Multi MicroGrid System to Optimize the Energy Storage Charge and Grid Dependency—A Comparative Analysis
by Saqib Iqbal and Kamyar Mehran
Energies 2022, 15(11), 4062; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15114062 - 1 Jun 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1747
Abstract
Microgrid (MG) is a combination of distributed generators (DGs), energy storage systems (ESSs), and loads connected to distribution network that can either be in islanded mode or grid-tied mode. Similarly, a multi-microgrid (MMG) system is a number of interconnected MGs connected with a [...] Read more.
Microgrid (MG) is a combination of distributed generators (DGs), energy storage systems (ESSs), and loads connected to distribution network that can either be in islanded mode or grid-tied mode. Similarly, a multi-microgrid (MMG) system is a number of interconnected MGs connected with a larger and complex distribution network. Recently, the MMG energy management has created new challenges due to the inherent intermittency, uncertainty, and probabilistic nature of renewable based DGs output and varying load demands. To ensure the efficient operation and optimal energy management in the MMGs, this work proposes a two-stage, a day-ahead, simultaneous energy management strategy (EMS) of the MMG system as well as the MG system. At the first stage, each MG assumes a day-ahead predicted load demand and DGs output. At the second stage, through EMS, the energy scheduling, minimization of the main grid dependency, and maximization of the stored energy in the ESS are managed simultaneously. Four case studies are considered with four interconnected MGs with different DGs output and different initial state of charge (SOC) of ESS along with varying load demand. The proposed optimization model is formulated in the standard form using MATLAB OptimProblem, and compared with heuristic state flow-based EMS. Results show that the total grid dependency will be reduced to zero and ESS depth of discharge (DoD) will be increased up to 50% with the proposed optimization model. Full article
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22 pages, 11469 KiB  
Article
Performance Analysis and Benchmarking of PLL-Driven Phasor Measurement Units for Renewable Energy Systems
by Zunaib Ali, Komal Saleem, Robert Brown, Nicholas Christofides and Sandra Dudley
Energies 2022, 15(5), 1867; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051867 - 3 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2037
Abstract
Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are a key part of electrical power systems, providing the dynamic monitoring and control of electrical units and impacting overall operation and synchronization of a network if not properly designed. This paper investigates the use of a phase-locked loop [...] Read more.
Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are a key part of electrical power systems, providing the dynamic monitoring and control of electrical units and impacting overall operation and synchronization of a network if not properly designed. This paper investigates the use of a phase-locked loop (PLL)-based algorithm for PMUs (to accurately find the magnitude, phase, and frequency) in a three-phase system. Various PLLs are reported in the literature, ranging from the very basic to advanced, capable of dealing with normal and abnormal grid behavior and mainly used for the control of grid-connected converters. In this paper, a number of PLLs were utilized to perform PMU functions, and a benchmarking study has been investigated to analyze the developed PLL-driven PMUs under various grid conditions (such as unbalanced faults, harmonics, and frequency variations). The simulation and experimental results were provided to support the performance capabilities and suggested limitations. In addition, the best PMU in benchmarking was used in the Kundur’s two-area system to show the significance of PMUs in a power system. Full article
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