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Entropy in Adaptive Learning Systems: Modeling Uncertainty, Information Dynamics and Personalized Education

A special issue of Entropy (ISSN 1099-4300). This special issue belongs to the section "Multidisciplinary Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2026) | Viewed by 912

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Informatics and Computer Engineering, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece
Interests: personalization; human–computer interaction; artificial intelligence
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Informatics and Computer Engineering, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece
Interests: semantic analysis; multimedia applications; artificial intelligence
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Informatics and Computer Engineering, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece
Interests: software engineering; educational technology; artificial intelligence
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The growing complexity of modern learning environments—driven by artificial intelligence, ubiquitous computing, and real-time data—demands new theoretical and computational tools to model, personalize, and optimize learning experiences. Entropy, as a measure of uncertainty, variability, and information flow, offers a powerful lens through which to analyze adaptive learning systems. This Special Issue aims to explore how entropy-based methods and information-theoretic approaches can be harnessed to advance personalized education, learner modeling, and decision-making in intelligent tutoring systems, educational data mining, and learning analytics.

We invite contributions that investigate entropy in the context of modeling cognitive or affective uncertainty, adapting content delivery, optimizing feedback, or enhancing system robustness. Topics may include, but are not limited to, entropy-driven algorithms, uncertainty quantification in learner modeling, information dynamics in dialog-based systems, and hybrid models that integrate entropy with machine learning, fuzzy logic, or other computational intelligence techniques.

This Special Issue seeks to bridge the gap between information theory and educational technologies by showcasing interdisciplinary research that deepens our understanding of learning as a dynamic, data-rich, and uncertain process. Researchers from fields such as AI in education, cognitive science, complex systems, and data-driven pedagogy are especially encouraged to contribute.

Dr. Christos Troussas
Dr. Akrivi Krouska
Dr. Phivos Mylonas
Prof. Dr. Cleo Sgouropoulou
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Entropy is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • entropy-based modeling
  • adaptive learning systems
  • information theory in education
  • uncertainty quantification
  • personalized education
  • learning analytics
  • intelligent tutoring systems
  • educational data mining
  • information dynamics
  • AI in education

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

44 pages, 2527 KB  
Article
Managing Uncertainty and Information Dynamics with Graphics-Enhanced TOGAF Architecture in Higher Education
by A’aeshah Alhakamy
Entropy 2026, 28(3), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/e28030361 - 22 Mar 2026
Viewed by 400
Abstract
Adaptive learning at scale requires explicit handling of uncertainty and information flow across diverse educational technologies. This paper proposes a TOGAF-conformant enterprise architecture for the University of Tabuk (UT) that embeds entropy- and uncertainty-aware requirements from the outset and aligns them with institutional [...] Read more.
Adaptive learning at scale requires explicit handling of uncertainty and information flow across diverse educational technologies. This paper proposes a TOGAF-conformant enterprise architecture for the University of Tabuk (UT) that embeds entropy- and uncertainty-aware requirements from the outset and aligns them with institutional goals in teaching, research, and administration. Using the Architecture Development Method (ADM), we map information-theoretic requirements to architectural artifacts across the architecture vision, business, information systems, and technology domains; formally specify core entropy-informed observables, including predictive entropy, expected information gain, workflow variability entropy, and uncertainty hot-spot severity; and define semantic and metadata standards for their near-real-time computation. These indicators are positioned explicitly across the TOGAF domains: business architecture identifies where uncertainty matters, information systems architecture defines the computable data and application representations, technology architecture operationalizes secure and scalable computation, and later ADM phases use the resulting metrics for prioritization and governance. The architecture also establishes governance that ranks initiatives by their expected uncertainty reduction through Architecture Review Board (ARB) decision gates. We address three research questions: (R.Q.1) how to design a TOGAF-conformant architecture for UT that natively encodes uncertainty-aware requirements and aligns with institutional needs; (R.Q.2) how to integrate dispersed data, achieve semantic harmonization, and deliver analytics-ready streams that support information-theoretic indicators for personalization without delay; and (R.Q.3) how to embed IT demand planning in opportunities and solutions and migration planning using uncertainty reduction and expected information gain as prioritization criteria. The resulting architecture offers a university-wide foundation for adaptive learning: it unifies learner and system interaction data under governed schemas, supports low-latency analytics, and formalizes decision processes that treat uncertainty as a primary metric. Though learner-level operational validation is future work, the design establishes the technical and organizational foundations for responsible, large-scale deployment of entropy-driven learner modeling, content sequencing, and feedback optimization. Full article
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