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Fire
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Fire Prevention and Flame Retardant Materials
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Fire Prevention and Flame Retardant Materials

A special issue of Fire (ISSN 2571-6255). This special issue belongs to the section "Fire Risk Assessment and Safety Management in Buildings and Urban Spaces".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 November 2024 | Viewed by 7241

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Long Yan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
Interests: flame-retarded materials; transparent fire-retarded coating; fire-extinguishing agent; flame-retarded wood
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Xuebao Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Fire Engineering, China People's Police University, Langfang, China
Interests: flame-retarded materials; fire-extinguishing agent
Dr. Yachao Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Resources Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi’an, China
Interests: flame-retarded materials; fireproof coating
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fire is a major threat to business, commerce, and society, in which building fires with the highest proportion feature rapid-fire development and difficult firefighting and rescue. The application of fire-retardant materials has demonstrated success in reducing fire losses by delaying or preventing products of combustion from propagating into the adjacent space. The design and application of novel and high-efficient fire-retardant materials are urgent requirements of economic and social development. Recently, many efforts have focused on nano-structured fire retardants, multifunctional fire-retardant coatings, mono-component intumescent flame retardants, bio-based flame-retardant materials, and so on. The development of fire-retardant materials and extinguishing technologies is conducive to ensuring the safety of construction and reducing the damage caused by fires.

This Special Issue titled “Fire Prevention and Flame Retardant Materials” aims to collectively disseminate advanced research in the fields of design, preparation, performance, mechanism, and application of fire-retardant materials and fire extinguishing agents.

Dr. Long Yan
Dr. Xuebao Wang
Dr. Yachao Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fire is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fire-resistant coatings
  • flame-retarded wood
  • flame-retarded composites
  • bio-based flame retardants
  • fireproof glass
  • fire-resistant cable
  • fireproof door
  • fireproof board
  • fire extinguishing agent

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 3659 KiB  
Article
A Circular Economy Perspective: Recycling Wastes through the CO2 Capture Process in Gypsum Products. Fire Resistance, Mechanical Properties, and Life Cycle Analysis
by Jaime D. Ruiz-Martinez, Virginia Moreno, Judith González-Arias, Begoña Peceño Capilla, Francisco M. Baena-Moreno and Carlos Leiva
Fire 2024, 7(10), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7100365 - 11 Oct 2024
Viewed by 436
Abstract
In recent years, the implementation of CO2 capture systems has increased. To reduce the costs and the footprint of the processes, different industrial wastes are successfully proposed for CO2 capture, such as gypsum from desulfurization units. This gypsum undergoes an aqueous [...] Read more.
In recent years, the implementation of CO2 capture systems has increased. To reduce the costs and the footprint of the processes, different industrial wastes are successfully proposed for CO2 capture, such as gypsum from desulfurization units. This gypsum undergoes an aqueous carbonation process for CO2 capture, producing an added-value solid material that can be valorized. In this work, panels have been manufactured with a replacement of (5 and 20%) commercial gypsum and all the compositions kept the water/solid ratio constant (0.45). The density, surface hardness, resistance to compression, bending, and fire resistance of 2 cm thick panels have been determined. The addition of the waste after the CO2 capture diminishes the density and mechanical strength. However, it fulfills the requirements of the different European regulations and diminishes 56% of the thermal conductivity when 20%wt of waste is used. Although the CO2 waste is decomposed endothermically at 650 °C, the fire resistance decreases by 18% when 20%wt. is added, which allows us to establish that these wastes can be used in fire-resistant panels. An environmental life cycle assessment was conducted by analyzing a recycling case in Spain. The results indicate that the material with CO2 capture waste offers no environmental advantage over gypsum unless the production plant is located within 200 km of the waste source, with transportation being the key factor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Prevention and Flame Retardant Materials)
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15 pages, 6558 KiB  
Article
Fire Endurance of Spherical Concrete Domes Exposed to Standard Fire
by Abdelraouf T. Kassem, Ayman M. El Ansary and Maged A. Youssef
Fire 2024, 7(6), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7060208 - 19 Jun 2024
Viewed by 932
Abstract
Fire is considered a common hazard for civil structures. Public and administrative buildings are commonly designed by considering the standard fire rating and, in many cases, contain large compartments with central domes, in which fire growth can be significant. Moreover, tanks and underground [...] Read more.
Fire is considered a common hazard for civil structures. Public and administrative buildings are commonly designed by considering the standard fire rating and, in many cases, contain large compartments with central domes, in which fire growth can be significant. Moreover, tanks and underground fortified structures may be constructed as domes to support the heavy soil above. This paper numerically addressed such a case. First, an axisymmetric finite element model was developed and validated to predict the dome’s transient, thermal, structural, and thermal-structural behavior. Next, the model was used to conduct a parametric study to investigate the effects of the dome ring reinforcement, thickness, stiffness, central angle, base restraints, load type (external pressure or gravitational), and load ratio on the fire endurance of the dome. Design recommendations to increase the fire endurance of concrete domes were formulated based on the parametric study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Prevention and Flame Retardant Materials)
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16 pages, 7125 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Properties and Reaction-to-Fire Performance of Binderless Particleboards Made from Canary Island Palm Trunks
by Berta Elena Ferrandez-Garcia, Teresa Garcia-Ortuño, Manuel Ferrandez-Villena and Maria Teresa Ferrandez-Garcia
Fire 2024, 7(6), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7060193 - 8 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1068
Abstract
Repurposing agricultural and forestry by-products not only is beneficial for the environment but also follows the principles of the circular economy. In southeastern Spain, the Canary Island palm tree (Phoenix canariensis W.) is widely used in urban landscapes. Plantations affected by the [...] Read more.
Repurposing agricultural and forestry by-products not only is beneficial for the environment but also follows the principles of the circular economy. In southeastern Spain, the Canary Island palm tree (Phoenix canariensis W.) is widely used in urban landscapes. Plantations affected by the red weevil, a pest, generate an abundance of plant waste that must be crushed and transferred to authorized landfills. The aim of this study was to manufacture boards using particles from trunks of the Canary Island palm tree without adding any binders in order to obtain an ecological and fire-resistant product. In order to manufacture the boards, three particle sizes (<0.25, 0.25–1, and 1–2 mm), a temperature of 110 °C, a pressure of 2.6 MPa, and a pressing time of 7 min were used. The boards were pressed in a hot plate press for 7 min up to four times (7 min, 7 + 7 min, 7 + 7 + 7 min, and 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 min). The resulting boards showed good thermal performance, and the board´s reaction-to-fire performance was classified as Bd0 (an Fs value of 70.3 mm). This study also showed that boards with a particle size smaller than 0.25 mm that underwent four pressing cycles of 7 min each in the press can be categorized as grade P2 according to the European Standards (MOR of 20 N/mm2, MOE of 2589.8 N/mm2, and IB of 0.74 N/mm2). Therefore, these manufactured particleboards could be used as a flame-retardant material for the interior enclosures of buildings (vertical and horizontal) without the need for coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Prevention and Flame Retardant Materials)
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11 pages, 5702 KiB  
Article
Comparative Study of the Suppression Behavior and Fire-Extinguishing Mechanism of Compressed-Gas Aqueous Film-Forming Foam in Diesel Pool Fires
by Long Yan, Ning Wang, Jingjing Guan, Zheng Wei, Qiaowei Xiao and Zhisheng Xu
Fire 2023, 6(7), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6070269 - 6 Jul 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2375
Abstract
A compressed-gas fire extinguishing experiment was carried out to analyze the impact of gas-liquid flow ratio, liquid flow rate and driving pressure on the fire suppression efficiency of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) in a diesel pool fire, and a possible fire-extinguishing mechanism was [...] Read more.
A compressed-gas fire extinguishing experiment was carried out to analyze the impact of gas-liquid flow ratio, liquid flow rate and driving pressure on the fire suppression efficiency of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) in a diesel pool fire, and a possible fire-extinguishing mechanism was proposed. A fire suppression test showed that AFFF at a gas-liquid flow ratio of 16 between the range of 5 to 24 had the fastest fire-extinguishing temperature drop rate (16.67 °C/s), the shortest fire-extinguishing time, of 42 s, and the lowest foam solution consumption of 230 g, exhibiting the best fire suppression performance. Meanwhile, the fire suppression efficiency of AFFF improved with the augmentation of either liquid flow rate or system driving pressure. Based on fluid mechanics and combustion science, a foam fire-extinguishing mechanism was proposed to explain the influence of system parameters such as gas-liquid ratio, liquid flow rate and driving pressure on key combustion parameters such as temperature drop rate, evaporation rate and combustion rate, which can better illustrate the change in fire extinguishing performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Prevention and Flame Retardant Materials)
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14 pages, 3560 KiB  
Article
Silica Fume Enhances the Mechanical Strength of Alkali-Activated Slag/Fly Ash Pastes Subjected to Elevated Temperatures
by Weidong Dai and Yachao Wang
Fire 2023, 6(7), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6070252 - 27 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1442
Abstract
The fireproof design of geopolymers through adjusting multi-component metallurgical solid wastes has attracted increasing attention, due to their potential low carbon emission, cost effectiveness, and role in environmental conservation. Herein, the effects of silica fume (SF) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of [...] Read more.
The fireproof design of geopolymers through adjusting multi-component metallurgical solid wastes has attracted increasing attention, due to their potential low carbon emission, cost effectiveness, and role in environmental conservation. Herein, the effects of silica fume (SF) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of alkali-activated slag/FA (fly ash) pastes subjected to elevated temperatures (150, 500, 850, and 1200 °C) are investigated to clarify whether or not SF has a positive role in the mechanical strength of the slag/FA (slag/FA = 30:70, wt.%) geopolymer during building fires. The results show that the replacement of FA with 10 wt.% SF (silica fume) promotes the increasing pore volume with a diameter of 0.2~3 μm, leading to an increase in the compressive or flexural strength below 850 °C, “right shifts” of the endothermic peak, and uniform and compact fracture surfaces. Meanwhile, gehlenite and labradorite are generated after exposure above 850 °C. The bloating effect of the SF-containing sample occurs at 1200 °C, leading to a greater deformation due to the further restructuring of the amorphous geopolymer chain N–A–S–H or N–(Ca)–A–S–H composed of [SiO4]4− and [AlO4]5−. This paper explores an effective approach to improving geopolymers’ fireproof performance by adjusting the formulation of solid waste. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Prevention and Flame Retardant Materials)
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