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A special issue of Foods (ISSN 2304-8158). This special issue belongs to the section "Food Quality and Safety".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 November 2023) | Viewed by 21529

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Dr. Guangyang Liu

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Guest Editor

Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Vegetables Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Beijing 100081, China
Interests: using functional nanohybrid materials to monitor the quality and safety of agricultural products; nanoscale identification and sensing of agricultural chemical pollutants and nutrients; mechanism of nano-controlled removal and catalytic degradation of agricultural chemical pollutants; research and development of nano pesticide and nano fertilizer; sample pretreatment; pesticide residue monitoring; dietary risk assessment; development of new pesticide detection technologies
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Dr. Fengnian Zhao

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Guest Editor

College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
Interests: functional nanomaterial-enabled smart devices and their application in the rapid analysis for quality and safety of agricultural products

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Pesticides are widely used in agriculture, playing an important role in the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests, such as cordyceps. Hence, pesticide residue and food safety problems have become concerns that need to be addressed. With the increasing awareness of health care and food safety, advanced technologies and reasonable treatments to mitigate pesticide residue are essential. These demands have led food-safety-focused researchers to develop advanced analytical technologies for accurate assessment of pesticide residue and demonstrate the relationship between pesticide residue in food and human dietary health, showing the importance of ensuring food safety and a healthy diet.

With this Special Issue, we hope to present recent developments in using novel technologies/nanomaterials to monitor/remove pesticide residues in food, exploring the molecular mechanism of pesticide removal in food and the relationship between pesticide residues and food safety/dietary health to promote food pesticide residue monitoring and health risk assessment. Original research articles, reviews, and short communications will all be accepted.

Dr. Guangyang Liu
Dr. Fengnian Zhao
Guest Editors

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Keywords

nanomaterial-based pretreatment
pesticide residue monitoring
novel analytical technology
pesticide-sensing device
pesticide separation mechanism
food safety
analytical methods
evaluation model
dietary risk assessment
health risk assessment

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

5 pages, 166 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Food Pesticide Residues Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment

by Yuwei Hua and Guangyang Liu

Foods 2024, 13(3), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13030474 - 2 Feb 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1898

Abstract

This Special Issue presents a share of the work published in the journal Foods on pesticide residue monitoring and risk assessment in food [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Pesticide Residues Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment)

Research

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18 pages, 5416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination, Quality, and Health Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Kumquat in China

by Yaohai Zhang, Zhixia Li, Bining Jiao, Qiyang Zhao, Chengqiu Wang, Yongliang Cui, Yue He and Jing Li

Foods 2023, 12(18), 3423; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12183423 - 14 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1105

Abstract

Pesticide residues in kumquat fruits from China, and the quality and chronic/acute intake risks in Chinese consumers, were assessed using the QuEChERS procedure and UHPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS methods. Our 5-year monitoring and survey showed 90% of the 573 samples of kumquat fruits collected from two main production areas contained one or multiple residual pesticides. Overall, 30 pesticides were detected, including 16 insecticides, 7 fungicides, 5 acaricides, and 2 plant growth modulators, of which 2 pesticides were already banned. Two or more residual pesticides were discovered in 81% of the samples, and pesticide residues in 9.4% of the samples surpassed the MRLs, such as profenofos, bifenthrin, triazophos, avermectin, spirodiclofen, difenoconazole, and methidathion. The major risk factors on the safety of kumquat fruits before 2019 were profenofos, bifenthrin, and triazophos, but their over-standard frequencies significantly declined after 2019, which was credited to the stricter supervision and management policies by local governments. Despite the high detection rates and multi-residue occurrence of pesticides in kumquat fruits, about 81% of the samples were assessed as qualified. Moreover, the accumulative chronic diet risk determined from ADI is very low. To better protect the health of customers, we shall formulate stricter organic phosphorus pesticide control measures and stricter use guidelines, especially for methidathion, triazophos, chlorpyrifos, and profenofos. This study provides potential data for the design of kumquat fruit quality and safety control guidelines and for the reduction in health risks to humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Pesticide Residues Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment)

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11 pages, 2809 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Distribution and Migration Characteristic of Forchlorfenuron in Oriental Melon Fruit by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging

by Qi Wang, Xiaohui Li, Hongping Wang, Simeng Li, Chen Zhang, Xueying Chen, Jing Dong, Hua Shao, Jing Wang and Fen Jin

Foods 2023, 12(15), 2858; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12152858 - 27 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1160

Abstract

Forchlorfenuron is a widely used plant growth regulator to support the pollination and fruit set of oriental melons. It is critical to investigate the spatial distribution and migration characteristics of forchlorfenuron among fruit tissues to understand its metabolism and toxic effects on plants. However, the application of imaging mass spectrometry in pesticides remains challenging due to the usually extremely low residual concentration and the strong interference from plant tissues. In this study, a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) method was developed for the first time to obtain the dynamic images of forchlorfenuron in oriental melon. A quantitative assessment has also been performed for MALDI-MSI to characterize the time-dependent permeation and degradation sites of forchlorfenuron in oriental melon. The majority of forchlorfenuron was detected in the exocarp and mesocarp regions of oriental melon and decreased within two days after application. The degradation rate obtained by MALDI-MSI in this study was comparable to that obtained by HPLC-MS/MS, indicating that the methodology and quantification approach based on the MALDI-MSI was reliable and practicable for pesticide degradation study. These results provide an important scientific basis for the assessment of the potential risks and effects of forchlorfenuron on oriental melons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Pesticide Residues Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment)

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14 pages, 7720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Magnetic Lateral Flow and Direct Competitive Immunoassays for Sensitive and Specific Detection of Halosulfuron-Methyl Using a Novel Hapten and Monoclonal Antibody

by Ying Ying, Xueyan Cui, Hui Li, Lingyi Pan, Ting Luo, Zhen Cao and Jing Wang

Foods 2023, 12(14), 2764; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12142764 - 20 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1040

Abstract

Halosulfuron-methyl (HM) is widely used for the removal of noxious weeds in corn, sugarcane, wheat, rice, and tomato fields. Despite its high efficiency and low toxicity, drift to nontarget crops and leaching of its metabolites to groundwater pose potential risks. Considering the instability of HM, the pyrazole sulfonamide of HM was used to generate a hapten and antigen to raise a high-quality monoclonal antibody (Mab, designated 1A91H11) against HM. A direct competitive immunoassay (dcELISA) using Mab 1A91H11 achieved a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.5 × 10⁻³ mg/kg and a linear range of 0.7 × 10⁻³ mg/kg–10.7 × 10⁻³ mg/kg, which was 10 times more sensitive than a comparable indirect competitive ELISA (icELISA) and more simple to operate. A spiking recovery experiment performed in tomato and maize matrices with 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/kg HM had average recoveries within 78.9–87.9% and 103.0–107.4% and coefficients of variation from 1.1–6.8% and 2.7–6.4% in tomato and maize, respectively. In addition, a magnetic lateral flow immunoassay (MLFIA) was developed for quantitative detection of low concentrations of HM in paddy water. Compared with dcELISA, the MLFIA exhibited 3.3- to 50-fold higher sensitivity (IC50 0.21 × 10⁻³ mg/kg). The average recovery and RSD of the developed MLFIA ranged from 81.5 to 92.5% and 5.4 to 9.7%. The results of this study demonstrated that the developed dcELISA and MLFIA are suitable for rapid detection of HM residues in tomato and maize matrices and paddy water, respectively, with acceptable accuracy and precision. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Pesticide Residues Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment)

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11 pages, 2455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Sensor Based on Laser-Induced Graphene for Carbendazim Detection in Water

by Li Wang, Mengyue Li, Bo Li, Min Wang, Hua Zhao and Fengnian Zhao

Foods 2023, 12(12), 2277; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12122277 - 6 Jun 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2091

Abstract

Carbendazim (CBZ) abuse can lead to pesticide residues, which may threaten the environment and human health. In this paper, a portable three-electrode sensor based on laser-induced graphene (LIG) was proposed for the electrochemical detection of CBZ. Compared with the traditional preparation method of graphene, LIG is prepared by exposing the polyimide film to a laser, which is easily produced and patterned. To enhance the sensitivity, platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) were electrodeposited on the surface of LIG. Under optimal conditions, our prepared sensor (LIG/Pt) has a good linear relationship with CBZ concentration in the range of 1–40 μM, with a low detection limit of 0.67 μM. Further, the sensor shows good recovery rates for the detection of CBZ in wastewater, which provides a fast and reliable method for real-time analysis of CBZ residues in water samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Pesticide Residues Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment)

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15 pages, 1329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dissipation, Metabolism, Accumulation, Processing and Risk Assessment of Fluopyram and Trifloxystrobin in Cucumbers and Cowpeas from Cultivation to Consumption

by Kai Cui, Shuai Guan, Jingyun Liang, Liping Fang, Ruiyan Ding, Jian Wang, Teng Li, Zhan Dong, Xiaohu Wu and Yongquan Zheng

Foods 2023, 12(10), 2082; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12102082 - 22 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1319

Abstract

Fluopyram and trifloxystrobin are widely used for controlling various plant diseases in cucumbers and cowpeas. However, data on residue behaviors in plant cultivation and food processing are currently lacking. Our results showed that cowpeas had higher fluopyram and trifloxystrobin residues (16.48–247.65 μg/kg) than cucumbers (877.37–3576.15 μg/kg). Moreover, fluopyram and trifloxystrobin dissipated faster in cucumbers (half-life range, 2.60–10.66 d) than in cowpeas (10.83–22.36 d). Fluopyram and trifloxystrobin were the main compounds found in field samples, and their metabolites, fluopyram benzamide and trifloxystrobin acid, fluctuated at low residue levels (≤76.17 μg/kg). Repeated spraying resulted in the accumulation of fluopyram, trifloxystrobin, fluopyram benzamide and trifloxystrobin acid in cucumbers and cowpeas. Peeling, washing, stir-frying, boiling and pickling were able to partially or substantially remove fluopyram and trifloxystrobin residues from raw cucumbers and cowpeas (processing factor range, 0.12–0.97); on the contrary, trifloxystrobin acid residues appeared to be concentrated in pickled cucumbers and cowpeas (processing factor range, 1.35–5.41). Chronic and acute risk assessments suggest that the levels of fluopyram and trifloxystrobin in cucumbers and cowpeas were within a safe range based on the field residue data of the present study. The potential hazards of fluopyram and trifloxystrobin should be continuously assessed for their high residue concentrations and potential accumulation effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Pesticide Residues Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment)

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14 pages, 3485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Modeling of the Degradation of Pesticide Residues in Wheat Flour Supply Chain

by Zhiqian Ding, Meirou Lin, Xuelin Song, Hua Wu and Junsong Xiao

Foods 2023, 12(4), 788; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12040788 - 13 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2197

Abstract

Pesticide residues in grain products are a major issue due to their comprehensive and long-term impact on human health, and quantitative modeling on the degradation of pesticide residues facilitate the prediction of pesticide residue level with time during storage. Herein, we tried to study the effect of temperature and relative humidity on the degradation profiles of five pesticides (carbendazim, bensulfuron methyl, triazophos, chlorpyrifos, and carbosulfan) in wheat and flour and establish quantitative models for prediction purpose. Positive samples were prepared by spraying the corresponding pesticide standards of certain concentrations. Then, these positive samples were stored at different combinations of temperatures (20 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C) and relative humidity (50%, 60%, 70%, 80%). Samples were collected at specific time points, ground, and the pesticide residues were extracted and purified by using QuEChERS method, and then quantified by using UPLC-MS/MS. Quantitative model of pesticide residues was constructed using Minitab 17 software. Results showed that high temperature and high relative humidity accelerate the degradation of the five pesticide residues, and their degradation profiles and half-lives over temperature and relative humidity varied among pesticides. The quantitative model for pesticide degradation in the whole process from wheat to flour was constructed, with R² above 0.817 for wheat and 0.796 for flour, respectively. The quantitative model allows the prediction of the pesticide residual level in the process from wheat to flour. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Pesticide Residues Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment)

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11 pages, 1233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dissipation Kinetics and Risk Assessment of Spirodiclofen and Tebufenpyrad in Aster scaber Thunb

by Ramesh Kumar Saini, Yongho Shin, Rakdo Ko, Jinchan Kim, Kwanghun Lee, Dai An, Hee-Ra Chang and Ji-Ho Lee

Foods 2023, 12(2), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12020242 - 5 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1635

Abstract

The dissipation kinetics of spirodiclofen and tebufenpyrad after their application on Aster scaber Thunb were studied for 10 days, including the pre-harvest intervals. Spirodiclofen and tebufenpyrad were used in two greenhouses in Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam province (Field 1) and Gwangyang-si, Jeollanam province (Field 2), Republic of Korea. Samples were taken at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days after pesticide application. The method validations were performed utilizing liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The recoveries of the studied pesticides ranged from 82.0–115.9%. The biological half-lives of spirodiclofen and tebufenpyrad were 4.4 and 3.8 days in Field 1, and 4.5 and 4.2 days in Field 2, respectively. The pre-harvest residue limits (PHRLs; 10 days before harvesting) of Aster scaber were 37.6 mg/kg (Field 1) and 41.2 mg/kg (Field 2) for spirodiclofen, whereas the PHRLs were 7.2 (Field 1) and 3.6 (Field 2) for tebufenpyrad. The hazard quotient for both pesticides at pre-harvest intervals was less than 100% except in the case of spirodiclofen (0 day). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Pesticide Residues Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment)

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12 pages, 2368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetic Composite Based on Carbon Nanotubes and Deep Eutectic Solvents: Preparation and Its Application for the Determination of Pyrethroids in Tea Drinks

by Xiaodong Huang, Huifang Liu, Xiaomin Xu, Ge Chen, Lingyun Li, Yanguo Zhang, Guangyang Liu and Donghui Xu

Foods 2023, 12(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12010008 - 20 Dec 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1432

Abstract

In this study, a novel composite material prepared by using deep eutectic solvent (tetrabutylammonium chloride-dodecanol, DES₅) functionalized magnetic MWCNTs−ZIF−8 (MM/ZIF−8@DES₅) was employed as an adsorbent for the magnetic solid-phase extraction of six pyrethroids from tea drinks. The characterization results show that MM/ZIF−8@DES₅ possessed sufficient specific surface area and superparamagnetism, which could facilitate the rapid enrichment of pyrethroids from tea drink samples. The results of the optimization experiment indicated that DES₅, which comprised tetrabutylammonium chloride and 1-dodecanol, was selected for the next experiment and that the adsorption properties of MM/ZIF−8@DES₅ were higher than those of MM/ZIF−8 and M-MWCNTs. The validation results show that the method has a wide linear range (0.5–400 μg L⁻¹, R² ≥ 0.9905), low LOD (0.08–0.33 μg L⁻¹), and good precision (intra-day RSD ≤ 5.6%, inter-day RSD ≤ 8.6%). The method was successfully applied to the determination of pyrethroids in three tea drink samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Pesticide Residues Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment)

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Review

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19 pages, 2980 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in and Applications of Electrochemical Sensors Based on Covalent Organic Frameworks for Food Safety Analysis

by Hongwei Zhu, Minjie Li, Cuilin Cheng, Ying Han, Shiyao Fu, Ruiling Li, Gaofeng Cao, Miaomiao Liu, Can Cui, Jia Liu and Xin Yang

Foods 2023, 12(23), 4274; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12234274 - 27 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1989

Abstract

The international community has been paying close attention to the issue of food safety as a matter of public health. The presence of a wide range of contaminants in food poses a significant threat to human health, making it vital to develop detection methods for monitoring these chemical contaminants. Electrochemical sensors using emerging materials have been widely employed to detect food-derived contaminants. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have the potential for extensive applications due to their unique structure, high surface area, and tunable pore sizes. The review summarizes and explores recent advances in electrochemical sensors modified with COFs for detecting pesticides, antibiotics, heavy metal ions, and other food contaminants. Furthermore, future challenges and possible solutions will be discussed regarding food safety analysis using COFs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Pesticide Residues Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment)

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22 pages, 345 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review of Pesticide Residues in Peppers

by Jae-Han Shim, Jong-Bang Eun, Ahmed A. Zaky, Ahmed S. Hussein, Ahmet Hacimüftüoğlu and A. M. Abd El-Aty

Foods 2023, 12(5), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12050970 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4371

Abstract

Pesticides are chemicals that are used to control pests such as insects, fungi, and weeds. Pesticide residues can remain on crops after application. Peppers are popular and versatile foods that are valued for their flavor, nutrition, and medicinal properties. The consumption of raw or fresh peppers (bell and chili) can have important health benefits due to their high levels of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Therefore, it is crucial to consider factors such as pesticide use and preparation methods to fully realize these benefits. Ensuring that the levels of pesticide residues in peppers are not harmful to human health requires rigorous and continuous monitoring. Several analytical methods, such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), mass spectrometry (MS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), can detect and quantify pesticide residues in peppers. The choice of analytical method depends on the specific pesticide, that is being tested for and the type of sample being analyzed. The sample preparation method usually involves several processes. This includes extraction, which is used to separate the pesticides from the pepper matrix, and cleanup, which removes any interfering substances that could affect the accuracy of the analysis. Regulatory agencies or food safety organizations typically monitor pesticide residues in peppers by stipulating maximum residue limits (MRLs). Herein, we discuss various sample preparation, cleanup, and analytical techniques, as well as the dissipation patterns and application of monitoring strategies for analyzing pesticides in peppers to help safeguard against potential human health risks. From the authors’ perspective, several challenges and limitations exist in the analytical approach to monitoring pesticide residues in peppers. These include the complexity of the matrix, the limited sensitivity of some analytical methods, cost and time, a lack of standard methods, and limited sample size. Furthermore, developing new analytical methods, using machine learning and artificial intelligence, promoting sustainable and organic growing practices, improving sample preparation methods, and increasing standardization could assist efficiently in analyzing pesticide residues in peppers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Pesticide Residues Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment)

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