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19 pages, 1341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Validation of a Multi-Locus PCR-HRM Method for Species Identification in Mytilus Genus with Food Authenticity Purposes

by Marianela Quintrel, Felipe Jilberto, Matías Sepúlveda, María Elisa Marín, David Véliz, Cristián Araneda and María Angélica Larraín

Foods 2021, 10(8), 1684; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081684 - 21 Jul 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2933

Abstract

DNA-based methods using informative markers such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) are suitable for reliable species identification (SI) needed to enforce compliance with seafood labelling regulations (EU No.1379/2013). We developed a panel of 10 highly informative SNPs to be genotyped by PCR-High resolution [...] Read more.

DNA-based methods using informative markers such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) are suitable for reliable species identification (SI) needed to enforce compliance with seafood labelling regulations (EU No.1379/2013). We developed a panel of 10 highly informative SNPs to be genotyped by PCR-High resolution melting (HRM) for SI in the Mytilus genus through in silico and in vitro stages. Its fitness for purpose and concordance were assessed by an internal validation process and by the transference to a second laboratory. The method was applicable to identify M. chilensis, M. edulis, M. galloprovincialis and M. trossulus mussels, fresh, frozen and canned with brine, oil and scallop sauce, but not in preserves containing acetic acid (wine vinegar) and tomato sauce. False-positive and negative rates were zero. Sensitivity, expressed as limit of detection (LOD), ranged between 5 and 8 ng/μL. The method was robust against small variations in DNA quality, annealing time and temperature, primer concentration, reaction volume and HRM kit. Reference materials and 220 samples were tested in an inter-laboratory assay obtaining an “almost perfect agreement” (κ = 0.925, p < 0.001). In conclusion, the method was suitable for the intended use and to be applied in the seafood industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Analysis Methods for Food Safety, Authenticity and Traceability Assessment)

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28 pages, 3344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mesostructured Silica-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles to Extract Six Opium Alkaloids in Poppy Seeds Prior to Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis

by Gema Casado-Hidalgo, Damián Pérez-Quintanilla, Sonia Morante-Zarcero and Isabel Sierra

Foods 2021, 10(7), 1587; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10071587 - 8 Jul 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6506

Abstract

In recent years, health authorities have become increasingly concerned about preventing consumer exposure to opium alkaloids present in Papaver somniferum L. poppy seeds. In this study, a simple, rapid and efficient method has been optimised to determine all main opioids in poppy seeds [...] Read more.

In recent years, health authorities have become increasingly concerned about preventing consumer exposure to opium alkaloids present in Papaver somniferum L. poppy seeds. In this study, a simple, rapid and efficient method has been optimised to determine all main opioids in poppy seeds (morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, noscapine and oripavine) by UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. For this purpose, solid-liquid extraction (SLE) of samples was optimised and six magnetic adsorbent materials with a core of Fe₃O₄ coated with amorphous and mesostructured silica, both functionalised with octadecyl-silane or octyl-silane were characterised and evaluated for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE). The material with the best results was non-functionalised mesostructured silica and, with it, the MSPE procedure was optimised. This method was validated and used to quantify six opioids in 14 edible seed samples (eleven poppy seeds and three seed mixes). Considerable amounts were found (1.5–249.0 mg/kg morphine, <0.2 µg/kg–45.8 mg/kg codeine, <2.4 µg/kg–136.2 mg/kg thebaine, <0.2 µg/kg–27.1 mg/kg papaverine, <0.2 µg/kg–108.7 mg/kg noscapine and <240 µg/kg–33.4 mg/kg oripavine), exceeding maximum limits established in some EU countries and the reference level of morphine in the EU. Furthermore, in some commercial samples for human consumption, inadequate labelling was found because significant amounts of alkaloids were detected even though Papaver rhoeas L. seeds were declared on the product label. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Analysis Methods for Food Safety, Authenticity and Traceability Assessment)

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11 pages, 1517 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploration of Spanish Olive Oil Quality with a Miniaturized Low-Cost Fluorescence Sensor and Machine Learning Techniques

by Francesca Venturini, Michela Sperti, Umberto Michelucci, Ivo Herzig, Michael Baumgartner, Josep Palau Caballero, Arturo Jimenez and Marco Agostino Deriu

Foods 2021, 10(5), 1010; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10051010 - 6 May 2021

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4094

Abstract

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is the highest quality of olive oil and is characterized by highly beneficial nutritional properties. The large increase in both consumption and fraud, for example through adulteration, creates new challenges and an increasing demand for developing new quality [...] Read more.

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is the highest quality of olive oil and is characterized by highly beneficial nutritional properties. The large increase in both consumption and fraud, for example through adulteration, creates new challenges and an increasing demand for developing new quality assessment methodologies that are easier and cheaper to perform. As of today, the determination of olive oil quality is performed by producers through chemical analysis and organoleptic evaluation. The chemical analysis requires advanced equipment and chemical knowledge of certified laboratories, and has therefore limited accessibility. In this work a minimalist, portable, and low-cost sensor is presented, which can perform olive oil quality assessment using fluorescence spectroscopy. The potential of the proposed technology is explored by analyzing several olive oils of different quality levels, EVOO, virgin olive oil (VOO), and lampante olive oil (LOO). The spectral data were analyzed using a large number of machine learning methods, including artificial neural networks. The analysis performed in this work demonstrates the possibility of performing the classification of olive oil in the three mentioned classes with an accuracy of 100%. These results confirm that this minimalist low-cost sensor has the potential to substitute expensive and complex chemical analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Analysis Methods for Food Safety, Authenticity and Traceability Assessment)

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14 pages, 1474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Elements Isotope Approach to Assess the Geographic Provenance of Manila Clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) via Recombining Appropriate Elements

by Eun-Ji Won, Seung Hee Kim, Young-Shin Go, K. Suresh Kumar, Min-Seob Kim, Suk-Hee Yoon, Germain Bayon, Jung-Hyun Kim and Kyung-Hoon Shin

Foods 2021, 10(3), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10030646 - 18 Mar 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2777

Abstract

The increasing global consumption of seafood has led to increased trade among nations, accompanied by mislabeling and fraudulent practices that have rendered authentication crucial. The multi-isotope ratio analysis is considered as applicable tool for evaluating geographical authentications but requires information and experience to [...] Read more.

The increasing global consumption of seafood has led to increased trade among nations, accompanied by mislabeling and fraudulent practices that have rendered authentication crucial. The multi-isotope ratio analysis is considered as applicable tool for evaluating geographical authentications but requires information and experience to select target elements such as isotopes, through a distinction method based on differences in habitat and physiology due to origin. The present study examined recombination conditions of multi-elements that facilitated geographically distinct classifications of the clams to sort out appropriate elements. Briefly, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) analysis was performed according to several combinations of five stable isotopes (carbon (δ¹³C), nitrogen (δ¹⁵N), oxygen (δ¹⁸O), hydrogen (δD), and sulfur (δ³⁴S)) and two radiogenic elements (strontium (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) and neodymium (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd)), and the geographical classification results of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum from Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPR Korea), Korea and China were compared. In conclusion, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) with at least four elements (C, N, O, and S) including S revealed a remarkable cluster distribution of the clams. These findings expanded the application of systematic multi-elements analyses, including stable and radiogenic isotopes, to trace the origins of R. philippinarum collected from the Korea, China, and DPR Korea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Analysis Methods for Food Safety, Authenticity and Traceability Assessment)

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14 pages, 4855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differentiation between Fresh and Thawed Cephalopods Using NIR Spectroscopy and Multivariate Data Analysis

by Francesco Pennisi, Alessandro Giraudo, Nicola Cavallini, Giovanna Esposito, Gabriele Merlo, Francesco Geobaldo, Pier Luigi Acutis, Marzia Pezzolato, Francesco Savorani and Elena Bozzetta

Foods 2021, 10(3), 528; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10030528 - 3 Mar 2021

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4021

Abstract

The sale of frozen–thawed fish and fish products, labeled as fresh, is currently one of the most common and insidious commercial food frauds. For this reason, the demand of reliable tools to identify the storage conditions is increasing. The present study was performed [...] Read more.

The sale of frozen–thawed fish and fish products, labeled as fresh, is currently one of the most common and insidious commercial food frauds. For this reason, the demand of reliable tools to identify the storage conditions is increasing. The present study was performed on two species, commonly sold in large-scale distribution: Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) and musky octopus (Eledone spp.). Fifty fresh cephalopod specimens were analyzed at refrigeration temperature (2 ± 2 °C), then frozen at −20 °C for 10 days and finally thawed and analyzed again. The performance of three near-infrared (NIR) instruments in identifying storage conditions were compared: The benchtop NIR Multi Purpose Analyzer (MPA) by Bruker, the portable MicroNIR by VIAVI and the handheld NIR SCiO by Consumer Physics. All collected spectra were processed and analyzed with chemometric methods. The SCiO data were also analyzed using the analytical tools available in the online application provided by the manufacturer to evaluate its performance. NIR spectroscopy, coupled with chemometrics, allowed discriminating between fresh and thawed samples with high accuracy: Cuttlefish between 82.3–94.1%, musky octopus between 91.2–97.1%, global model between 86.8–95.6%. Results show how food frauds could be detected directly in the marketplace, through small, ultra-fast and simplified handheld devices, whereas official control laboratories could use benchtop analytical instruments, coupled with chemometric approaches, to develop accurate and validated methods, suitable for regulatory purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Analysis Methods for Food Safety, Authenticity and Traceability Assessment)

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19 pages, 5687 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pesticide Residues and Their Metabolites in Grapes and Wines from Conventional and Organic Farming System

by Dana Schusterova, Jana Hajslova, Vladimir Kocourek and Jana Pulkrabova

Foods 2021, 10(2), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10020307 - 2 Feb 2021

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 18293

Abstract

In this study, the occurrence of pesticide residues and their metabolites in grapes and wines was investigated. A targeted analysis of 406 pesticide residues in 49 wine and grape samples from organic and conventional production were performed using the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, [...] Read more.

In this study, the occurrence of pesticide residues and their metabolites in grapes and wines was investigated. A targeted analysis of 406 pesticide residues in 49 wine and grape samples from organic and conventional production were performed using the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) extraction method, followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Multiple residues (>4 residues/sample) were detected in 22 tested samples. The most commonly detected residues were fungicides (e.g., boscalid) and insecticides (e.g., methoxyfenozide). An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry method (UHPLC–(HR)MS) was used for screening of pesticide metabolites. We also provide a method and database for detecting pesticide metabolites (extending our previously published database to 49 metabolites originating from 25 pesticides). An introduced strategy of targeted screening of pesticide metabolites was applied for authentication of 27 organic grapes and wines. In total, 23 samples were free of quantifiable residues/detected metabolites or contained residues approved for organic production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Analysis Methods for Food Safety, Authenticity and Traceability Assessment)

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16 pages, 1138 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining the Authenticity of Shark Meat Products by DNA Sequencing

by Patrizia Marchetti, Anna Mottola, Roberta Piredda, Giuseppina Ciccarese and Angela Di Pinto

Foods 2020, 9(9), 1194; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091194 - 28 Aug 2020

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 8235

Abstract

Given that the global shark meat market is poised to grow in future years, the aim of this study was to use DNA sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (NADH2) mitochondrial genes to examine the market [...] Read more.

Given that the global shark meat market is poised to grow in future years, the aim of this study was to use DNA sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (NADH2) mitochondrial genes to examine the market of shark meat products in Italy. This made it possible to analyze patterns of species utilization and commercialization of threatened, endangered and/or prohibited species, focusing on fraudulent activities in the shark food chain in order to propose seafood safety and environmental sustainability solutions. The study shows that the labeling of shark meat products generally lacks comprehensive information, thus making it difficult for consumers to make informed purchasing decisions and fails to comply with European Union (EU) legislation regarding seafood labelling. Molecular investigation reveals a high mislabeling rate (45.4%), highlighting widespread use of cheaper species either in order to replace species that are better known and more popular, or else in order to sell various threatened species. Considering that seafood mislabeling can circumvent the management of sustainable fisheries and facilitate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing, the routine use of genetic analysis should be encouraged among control and enforcement agencies in order to implement effective management measures. This would help to build a species-specific reporting system for all catches, and enhance control measures, in order to prevent illegal activities connected with shark catches and trade around the world. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Analysis Methods for Food Safety, Authenticity and Traceability Assessment)

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48 pages, 18335 KiB

Open AccessReview

Selected Instrumental Techniques Applied in Food and Feed: Quality, Safety and Adulteration Analysis

by Graciela Artavia, Carolina Cortés-Herrera and Fabio Granados-Chinchilla

Foods 2021, 10(5), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10051081 - 13 May 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 8682

Abstract

This review presents an overall glance at selected instrumental analytical techniques and methods used in food analysis, focusing on their primary food science research applications. The methods described represent approaches that have already been developed or are currently being implemented in our laboratories. [...] Read more.

This review presents an overall glance at selected instrumental analytical techniques and methods used in food analysis, focusing on their primary food science research applications. The methods described represent approaches that have already been developed or are currently being implemented in our laboratories. Some techniques are widespread and well known and hence we will focus only in very specific examples, whilst the relatively less common techniques applied in food science are covered in a wider fashion. We made a particular emphasis on the works published on this topic in the last five years. When appropriate, we referred the reader to specialized reports highlighting each technique’s principle and focused on said technologies’ applications in the food analysis field. Each example forwarded will consider the advantages and limitations of the application. Certain study cases will typify that several of the techniques mentioned are used simultaneously to resolve an issue, support novel data, or gather further information from the food sample. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Analysis Methods for Food Safety, Authenticity and Traceability Assessment)

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