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Forests
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Water Cycle and Energy Balance Measurements in Forests
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Water Cycle and Energy Balance Measurements in Forests

A special issue of Forests (ISSN 1999-4907). This special issue belongs to the section "Forest Ecophysiology and Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2024) | Viewed by 5709

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Zhiyun Jiang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
Interests: ecohydrolgy; forest hydrology; canopy interception; nitrogen deposition; soil hydrology
Dr. Li Wei

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulationd, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
Interests: ecohydrolgy; forest hydrology; transpiration; plant hydraulics; drought response
Dr. Lei Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
The School of Geo-Science & Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
Interests: evapotranspiration; permafrost; climate change
Dr. Junqi Wei

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Resources and Environment, Henan University of Economics and Law, Zhengzhou, China
Interests: evapotranspiration; water flux; wetland

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Forests cover approximately 30% of the Earth’s land surface and provide critical ecological services to natural systems and humankind, including the regulation of the hydrological cycle and energy balance. Forests, as natural reservoirs and filters, can store, release, and purify water through their interactions with hydrological processes. Against the background of climate and human disturbance (e.g., logging, reforestation, afforestation, agriculture, and urbanization), the water cycle and energy balance have been deeply altered with the changes to forests. Therefore, measurements and modelling relating to hydrological and energy processes are urgently needed to obtain a better understanding of the ecological services of forests. This Special Issue plans to give an overview of the most recent advances in the field of water cycle and energy balance in global forests.

Potential topics include, but are not limited to:

  • Rainfall partitioning of forests
  • Soil hydrology in forests
  • Runoff, interflow or streamflow
  • Evapotranspiration in forests
  • Energy balance measurements in forests
  • Plants’ physiological responses to drought
  • Remote sensing measurement for forests
  • Water resources of forests
  • Forest management
  • Urban forests

Dr. Zhiyun Jiang
Dr. Li Wei
Dr. Lei Liu
Dr. Junqi Wei
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Forests is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • rainfall partitioning
  • evapotranspiration
  • energy budget
  • eddy covariance
  • tree hydraulics
  • forest drought responses
  • soil hydrology
  • forest runoff
  • catchment hydrology
  • forest management

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 8664 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Forest Management Inventory Factors on the Ecological Service Value of Forest Water Conservation Based on Machine Learning Algorithms
by Zhefu Chen, Yong Lü, Yang Liu, Duanlv Chen and Baofa Peng
Forests 2024, 15(8), 1431; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081431 - 14 Aug 2024
Viewed by 385
Abstract
Based on forest management inventory data, this study applies machine learning algorithms to explore the relationships between forest water conservation capacity and forest management inventory factors, thus providing more extensive insights into forest water conservation services. By integrating the InVEST model and machine [...] Read more.
Based on forest management inventory data, this study applies machine learning algorithms to explore the relationships between forest water conservation capacity and forest management inventory factors, thus providing more extensive insights into forest water conservation services. By integrating the InVEST model and machine learning algorithms, this study identifies the key factors related to water conservation services based on forest management inventory factors and investigates the differences in and accuracy of forest water conservation models using the random forest algorithm. The results are as follows: (1) The determination coefficients (R2) of the three machine learning models range from 0.508 to 0.869, with root mean square errors (RMSEs) ranging from 28.380 to 69.339. The performance of these models is generally satisfactory, with the random forest algorithm showing superior results. (2) By leveraging the advantages of the three machine learning algorithms in handling categorical data, this study analyzes the contributions of forest management inventory factors, revealing the impact mechanisms of forest-type water conservation services. (3) The integration of machine learning algorithms allows for better processing of the scale and correlation of independent variables, providing more objective information on the main controlling factors of forest water conservation. (4) Predictions of water conservation capacity using machine learning are consistent with that of the InVEST model. The water conservation per unit area shows a variation trend as follows: slow-growing broadleaf forests > shrub forests > middle-growing broadleaf forests > cunninghamia lanceolata forests > fast-growing broadleaf forests > pine forests > bamboo forests. (5) Since this study considers only the factors available in the forest management inventory, which does not encompass all relevant influencing factors, it is difficult to fully address the complexities of how forest water conservation services interact with forest structure. Therefore, further research is needed to investigate the intrinsic mechanisms underlying the interactions between water conservation and forest management inventory factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Cycle and Energy Balance Measurements in Forests)
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13 pages, 5863 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of Water Uptake by Transpiration from Different Soil Depths among Three Land Cover Types in the Arid Northwest of China
by Yushi Qin, Tianwen Zhang, Rongfei Zhang, Ziyan Zhao, Gaixia Qiao, Wei Chen and Lijun He
Forests 2023, 14(11), 2208; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14112208 - 8 Nov 2023
Viewed by 867
Abstract
In recent decades, the frequency, intensity, and extent of extreme drought events have posed serious threats to ecosystems in vulnerable regions. With low annual precipitation, the arid area in northwest China is a typical ecologically fragile area, and extreme drought events will aggravate [...] Read more.
In recent decades, the frequency, intensity, and extent of extreme drought events have posed serious threats to ecosystems in vulnerable regions. With low annual precipitation, the arid area in northwest China is a typical ecologically fragile area, and extreme drought events will aggravate desertification in this area. In order to control desertification, various experimental plantations have been established in Northwest China. However, there is no consensus on which plantations are more suitable to become widespread. To explore this, we conducted a comparative study on different plantations from the perspective of long-term deep (100 cm depth) soil moisture balance. In our study, six typical ecosystems were selected for comparison of the variation of soil moisture and control factors. The results showed three main findings. First, the soil moisture of all six ecosystems showed a similar hierarchy of increasing moisture with the increasing depth of the soil layer. However, the deep layer soil moisture (mean = 0.33 ± 0.22 cm3·cm−3) of the artificial poplar (Populus alba) forest exhibited a downward trend over time after the fifth year, but did not at the shallow layer for this ecosystem. Second, the trends of the maximum canopy coverage between the different ecosystems from 2010 to 2019 showed significant differences from one another, with the maximum value of the leaf area index for the poplar forest being the highest (Maximum = 7.13). Third, a negative correlation (R2 = 0.52) was found between deep soil moisture and transpiration for the poplar forest, and a positive correlation (R2 ≥ 0.23) between these two metrics was found for the other five ecosystems. The results revealed that transpiration processes had a different consumption of deep soil moisture due to the differences in the root and canopy density of several plantations. Among these ecosystems, the transpiration of the artificial poplar forest is noticeably large, resulting in a unilateral decline in soil moisture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Cycle and Energy Balance Measurements in Forests)
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17 pages, 4991 KiB  
Article
Nocturnal Water Use Partitioning and Its Environmental and Stomatal Control Mechanism in Caragana korshinskii Kom in a Semi-Arid Region of Northern China
by Wei Li, Yu Zhang, Nan Wang, Chen Liang, Baoni Xie, Zhanfei Qin, Ying Yuan and Jiansheng Cao
Forests 2023, 14(11), 2154; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14112154 - 30 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1055
Abstract
As an important aspect of plant water consumption, nocturnal water use (En) behavior provides reliable information on the effect of plantation carbon and water budgets at stand and regional scales. Therefore, quantifying En and its environmental and stomatal controlling [...] Read more.
As an important aspect of plant water consumption, nocturnal water use (En) behavior provides reliable information on the effect of plantation carbon and water budgets at stand and regional scales. Therefore, quantifying En and its environmental and stomatal controlling mechanisms is urgent to establish adaptation strategies for plantation management in semiarid regions. With the help of the sap flow technique, our study investigated the seasonal variations in canopy transpiration and canopy conductance in a Caragana korshinskii Kom plantation. Environmental variables were measured concurrently during the growing seasons of 2020 and 2021. The results indicated that the average En values were 0.10 mm d−1 and 0.09 mm d−1, which accounted for 14% and 13% of daily water use, respectively, over two years. The proportions of nocturnal transpiration (Tn) to En were approximately 49.76% and 54.44%, while stem refilling (Re) accounted for 50.24% and 45.56% of En in 2020 and 2021, respectively, indicating that C. korshinskii was able to draw on stored stem water to support transpiration. En was predominantly affected by nocturnal canopy conductance (Gc–n), air temperature (Ta–n) and wind speed (u2-n). In contrast, Gc–n and Ta–n explained the highest variation in Tn and nocturnal vapor pressure (VPDn), and u2-n explained the highest variation in Re. Total effects of the five environmental and stomatal variables explained 50%, 36% and 32% of En, Tn and Re variation, respectively. These findings could enable a better understanding of nocturnal water use dynamics and their allocation patterns in C. korshinskii plantations on the Bashang Plateau. Moreover, our results reveal the water use strategies of artificial shrubs and highlight the importance of incorporating nocturnal water use processes into large-scale ecohydrological models in semiarid regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Cycle and Energy Balance Measurements in Forests)
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18 pages, 4100 KiB  
Article
Ecosystem Services Response to the Grain-for-Green Program and Urban Development in a Typical Karstland of Southwest China over a 20-Year Period
by Yu Cheng, Hui-Hua Xu, Si-Min Chen, Yu Tang, Zhan-Shan Lan, Guo-Long Hou and Zhi-Yun Jiang
Forests 2023, 14(8), 1637; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14081637 - 14 Aug 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1348
Abstract
Southwest China is an ecologically fragile area with a high proportion of karstland and large variations in terrain, and it can be greatly affected by land use change. From 2000 to 2020, with the acceleration of urbanization in the whole country, the macro-scale [...] Read more.
Southwest China is an ecologically fragile area with a high proportion of karstland and large variations in terrain, and it can be greatly affected by land use change. From 2000 to 2020, with the acceleration of urbanization in the whole country, the macro-scale Grain-for-Green Program (GFGP) has been developed in the karstland of southwest China. This has resulted in the expansion of forest and construction land with a reduction in cultivated land. The response of ecosystem services (ESs) to these changes needs to be investigated. However, there is a lack of in-depth analysis of the karstland of southwest China, and current studies mostly focus on the spatio-temporal variation in individual ESs or how the whole land use change affects ESs. Thus, our study uses an InVEST model and geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) to examine the spatio-temporal variation in land use associated with four ESs, namely water conservancy (WC), soil conservancy (SC), carbon sequestration (CS), and habitat quality (HQ). We found that the GFGP area first increased and then decreased, aggregating to 4.48 × 104 km2 from 2000 to 2020. We also observed that from 2000 to 2020, ESs remained stable or gradually increased (despite fluctuations), SC was the most stable, whereas WC, CS, and HQ first decreased and then fluctuated more. This may be related to the destruction of topsoil in the early stages of the GFGP and the relatively weak ES supply capacity of the young trees. Moreover, the response of ecosystem services to the GFGP was spatially heterogeneous, suggesting a strong driving influence of the local environment, mainly caused by the distribution of karstland and terrain, differentiated urbanization levels, and the intensity of the GFGP. Specifically, the relatively significantly positive effects of WC, SC, and CS were found in western and northern cities, and so was the HQ in southeastern cities. On the contrary, the negative impacts of urbanization were found to weaken over time, suggesting the trade-off effect of the GFGP. Our findings would contribute to the development of effective forest management strategies and provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders involved in ecosystem restoration and conservation efforts by exploring the impacts of the GFGP and urbanization on ESs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Cycle and Energy Balance Measurements in Forests)
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13 pages, 3115 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Regulating Soil pH on the Control of Pine Wilt Disease in a Black Pine Forest
by Ying Fan, Lin Liu, Chuchen Wu, Guoxu Yu, Zhengyu Wang, Jingjing Fan and Chengyi Tu
Forests 2023, 14(8), 1583; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14081583 - 3 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1366
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a highly destructive disease in forest ecosystems, resulting in extensive forest decline and substantial economic losses. As soil pH plays a critical role in soil microbial activity and significantly impacts the prevalence and severity of diseases, we conducted [...] Read more.
Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a highly destructive disease in forest ecosystems, resulting in extensive forest decline and substantial economic losses. As soil pH plays a critical role in soil microbial activity and significantly impacts the prevalence and severity of diseases, we conducted an experiment to regulate soil pH for alleviating PWD in a black pine (Pinus thunbergii) forest. The result reveals that: (1) The pH of the soil under a P. thunbergii forest was 5.19 ± 0.40, which was significantly lower than that of soils under other vegetation types at 8.53 ± 0.44. (2) Finely ground shell powder (F-SP) was the optimal size for long-term and efficient regulation, but quicklime (QL) exhibited the strongest efficacy in raising soil pH, followed by F-SP and plant ash. The regulation effect strengthened with the dosage amount. (3) In the situ experiments, part of symptomatic black pine in F-SP or QL plots were apparently improved and converted to asymptomatic trees separately by 15.9% and 5.4%. Applying F-SP can alleviate PWD in a sustainable way. This paper presents the first investigation to assess the effects of regulating soil pH for controlling PWD. It holds significant practical value for the rational planning and the sustainable development of artificial forests in coastal regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Cycle and Energy Balance Measurements in Forests)
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