Forest Community Restoration under Invasive Species and Climate-Induced Disturbance

A special issue of Forests (ISSN 1999-4907). This special issue belongs to the section "Forest Ecology and Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2022) | Viewed by 14200

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
Interests: forest restoration and recovery in post-fire and post-agricultural sites; forest dynamics; natural disturbances; understorey vegetation; transformation of forest communities in response to natural and human-induced environmental changes

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Guest Editor
Institute of Environmental Protection and Engineering, Department of Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of Bielsko-Biala, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
Interests: biology and ecology of invasive alien species; forest ecology; man-made habitats; population ecology; numerical methods in ecological research and nature conservation
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Deforestation (habitat loss), invasive species, and climate change are the main drivers responsible for global biodiversity loss. Thus, climate change has a remarkable impact on trees and forests. Although trees have natural potential for adaptations to climatic changes, the pace of these changes is so intensive that many species may lose their climatic optimum within the next few decades (in Europe, ca. 50 years). One may expect that this phenomenon is tackling forest species globally. An obvious question arises on the possible actions to reverse these negative trends and improve the adaptation of trees.

Furthermore, since in the era of global warming, natural, large-scale disturbances increase in frequency, intensity, and severity, the resistance of forest ecosystems to disturbances and their potential for post-disturbance recovery play a pivotal role in their continuous existence. The more structurally complex, more species-rich, and functionally integrated a forest ecosystem is, the more resistant to disturbance it is. Natural disturbances are vital to the restoration of structural complexity and diversity in forests, which once lost such features due to previous management practices. However, forest disturbances and subsequent recovery are shifting with global climatic changes, altering forest dynamics processes. Additionally, most of the forests worldwide are heavily exploited and modified by humans even though forest communities undisturbed via forest management are more stable and resistant to any negative environmental impact. This also refers to the biological invasions. In contrast, forests affected by heavy exploitation and successive human-induced disturbance are very prone to the negative impact of invasive alien species. Invasive species, widely encroaching and establishing in such forests, substantially modify the natural processes of forest dynamics and via suppression of native species lead to the homogenization of forest ecosystems and biodiversity loss.

These negative changes drive the existing forests worldwide toward a blind path, which, combined with the intensively progressing, deliberate deforestation, will eventually lead to a global climatic catastrophe. The only way to halt this journey is to substantially reduce logging, protect all the remaining old-growth forests, which are among the most effective carbon sequestration “factories”, and combine it with global efforts to increase the area of forested land.

This Special Issue aims to present research articles that focus on any aspects of forest restoration and recovery. Studies on the perspective of different types of forest ecosystems in different parts of the world, formerly deteriorated via invasive species and natural and human-made disturbances to recover in environmental conditions altered by global climatic changes, would also be appreciated. Finally, the applicative results of any restoration projects (failed or successful), including conservation of remnant forests, or active protection aiming at accelerating natural regeneration, and tree planting and seed sowing experiments, are welcomed.

Dr. Anna Orczewska
Dr. Damian Chmura
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • climate change
  • deforestation
  • disturbance
  • biological invasion
  • forest restoration
  • forest recovery
  • restoration methods
  • biodiversity
  • afforestation
  • reforestations

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 3830 KiB  
Article
Changes in Species and Functional Diversity of the Herb Layer of Riparian Forest despite Six Decades of Strict Protection
by Kamila Reczyńska, Anna Orczewska, Valeriia Yurchenko, Anna Wójcicka-Rosińska and Krzysztof Świerkosz
Forests 2022, 13(5), 747; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13050747 - 11 May 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2906
Abstract
The herb layer of temperate forests contributes to long-term forest ecosystem functioning and provisioning of ecosystem services. Therefore, a thorough understanding of its dynamics in the face of environmental changes is essential. This paper focuses on the species and functional diversity of the [...] Read more.
The herb layer of temperate forests contributes to long-term forest ecosystem functioning and provisioning of ecosystem services. Therefore, a thorough understanding of its dynamics in the face of environmental changes is essential. This paper focuses on the species and functional diversity of the herb layer of riparian forests to verify how these two community components changed over time and under strict protection. The understory vegetation was surveyed on 42 semi-permanent plots in three time periods between 1960 and 2020. The overall pattern in vegetation changes that related to species richness and diversity, functional structure, and habitat conditions was analyzed using ordination and permutation techniques. We found significant changes in species composition and the functional structure of herbaceous vegetation over the last six decades. Forests were enriched with nutrient-demanding and alien species. A significant increase in functional diversity and the proportion of species with high SLA and canopy height was also observed, whereas changes in habitat conditions were insignificant. The observed trends indicate that the strict protection of forest communities within small and isolated reserves does not fully protect their species composition. Forest reserves should be surrounded by unmanaged forests and spatially connected to allow species mobility. Full article
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9 pages, 727 KiB  
Article
The Approach in Selecting the Best Genetic Resistance against Invasive Aphid for Indigenous Tropical Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese in Indonesia
by Liliana Baskorowati, Purwanto, Rina Laksmi Hendrati, Rahmanta Setiahadi, Mudji Susanto, Ida Luh Gede Nurtjahjaningsih, Mashudi, Agus Kurniawan, Sugeng Pudjiono, Dedi Setiadi and Sumardi
Forests 2022, 13(3), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13030451 - 12 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3139
Abstract
Pinus merkusii, a natural tropical pine species of Indonesia, is cultivated as the second most important artificial forest for the industry in Java, after teak, to produce oleoresin. Its genetic improvement began in 1977 because of its critical role in raising community [...] Read more.
Pinus merkusii, a natural tropical pine species of Indonesia, is cultivated as the second most important artificial forest for the industry in Java, after teak, to produce oleoresin. Its genetic improvement began in 1977 because of its critical role in raising community incomes. Meanwhile, the effort for genetic improvement in aphid (Pineus boerneri) resistance has just recently started since its spread was only found broadly in Java by 2004. The second-generation progeny trial for this purpose was established in 2010, with materials from the best growing 34 families of the first generation. This study aimed to obtain the best pine genotypes through screening the existing natural variations found on important characters. The reported incidence of the trigger was when the experiment was attacked significantly at 30.7% after four years, while some 67 individuals were unexpectedly still performing well after six years. The results show that blocks affect differences for all traits of diameter, aphid resistance, and oleoresin productions, and all families differ except for the west-side yield of oleoresin production. Furthermore, heritability values at individual and family levels were moderate for the diameter (h2i = 0.16; h2f = 0.53) and eastern oleoresin (h2i = 0.14; h2f = 0.42). The gain is 4.3% when 30% of families with the best diameters are retained, while the genetic gain reaches 11% for oleoresin production. As one of the important traits in the breeding program, aphid resistance has a weakly inherited trait (h2i =0.07; h2f =0.29). Interestingly, this trait shows positive moderate genetic correlations with the two essential economic values of diameter (rg = 0.66) and oleoresin production (rg = 0.40). Therefore, the selection of the diameter and oleoresin production will not substantially affect the resistance. Full article

Review

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25 pages, 6009 KiB  
Review
Methods for Watering Seedlings in Arid Zones
by Andrés Martínez de Azagra Paredes, Jorge Del Río San José, José Reque Kilchenmann, Juan Manuel Diez Hernández and Francisco Javier Sanz Ronda
Forests 2022, 13(2), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13020351 - 19 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 7473
Abstract
This paper reviews different existing systems of seedling microirrigation in afforestation. These systems differ from agricultural irrigation methods since they only pursue the establishment of the planted seedlings instead of achieving good agricultural yields. They, therefore, involve very low irrigation doses compared to [...] Read more.
This paper reviews different existing systems of seedling microirrigation in afforestation. These systems differ from agricultural irrigation methods since they only pursue the establishment of the planted seedlings instead of achieving good agricultural yields. They, therefore, involve very low irrigation doses compared to the usual irrigation doses found in the agricultural sector. These approaches are nonconventional localized irrigation systems with high efficiency in water application. Based on the water discharge equations they use, these methods can be classified into four groups: direct deep irrigation, irrigation through porous walls, irrigation with wicks, and irrigation with solar distillers. This paper describes a total of sixteen different systems suitable for afforestation. All the systems are compared with each other. To make the comparisons, four key parameters are considered: the cost of acquiring and installing the system, the water application efficiency, the maintenance of the system, and the possibility of irrigating several plants at the same time. The irrigation systems described in this review represent an important technical advance not only for dryland forestry but also for rainfed arboriculture, xeriscaping, and xerogardening. These systems make it possible to widely extend the planting period to almost throughout the year, not only in arid regions but also in less dry or even humid climates, especially when critical areas have to be afforested, including shallow, sandy, saline, or gypseous soils, suntraps, windy and desertified areas, open pit mines, and other areas. Seedling microirrigation is an emerging sector of the irrigation industry that is rapidly developing with new devices and patents. Two foreseeable future trends can be identified: the growing use of new permeable materials and the possibility of connecting individual emitters to irrigation lines. Full article
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