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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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17 pages, 5248 KiB  
Article
Effects of LED Red and Blue Light Component on Growth and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Coriander in Plant Factory
by Qi Gao, Qiuhong Liao, Qingming Li, Qichang Yang, Fang Wang and Jianming Li
Horticulturae 2022, 8(12), 1165; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8121165 - 8 Dec 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3157
Abstract
Coriander is a whole-plant edible micro vegetable frequently used in the food industry. Its fresh eating features give it a flavor that is both tasty and refreshing, as well as potentially dangerous due to the bacteria (e.g., Shigella sonnei) it may contain. [...] Read more.
Coriander is a whole-plant edible micro vegetable frequently used in the food industry. Its fresh eating features give it a flavor that is both tasty and refreshing, as well as potentially dangerous due to the bacteria (e.g., Shigella sonnei) it may contain. Artificial light-based plant factories are becoming increasingly popular due to the development of light-emitting diodes (i.e., LEDs). These plant factories employ artificial light to recreate the ideal lighting conditions for photosynthesis, ensuring plant yield and safety. Red (R) light and blue (B) light are essential for crop development and photosynthesis because R light and B light correspond to the wavelength absorption peaks of chlorophyll. However, the sensitivity of various crops to the light of varying wavelengths varies. Here, we determined the ideal R to B light ratio for cultivating coriander in plant factories by evaluating the photosynthetic characteristics of coriander (‘Sumai’) under different red–blue ratios. Specifically, we used monochrome red (R) and blue (B) light as controls and evaluated a total of seven different ratio treatments of R and B light (R, R:B = 5:1 (R5B1), R:B = 3:1 (R3B1), R:B = 1:1 (R1B1), R:B = 1:3 (R1B3), R:B = 1:5 (R1B5), B) under the background of uniform light intensity (200 ± 10 μmol m−2 s−1) and photoperiod (16-h/8-h light/dark). The results showed that the total yield of R:B = 3:1 (R3B1) was 16.11% and 30.61% higher than monochrome R and B treatments, respectively, the photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal density were increased, and the nitrate content was decreased. Monochromatic light has adverse effects on crops. Monochromatic R light reduces the CO2 assimilation amount. Monochromatic blue light treatment lowers chlorophyll concentration and net photosynthetic rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Vegetable Cultivation)
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18 pages, 3410 KiB  
Article
Preliminary Study on the Impact of Non-Thermal Plasma Activated Water on the Quality of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Glosa Sprouts
by Alexandru Mandici, Daniel Eusebiu Cretu, Radu Burlica, Dragos Astanei, Oana Beniuga, Craita Rosu, Denis Constantin Topa, Tudor George Aostacioaei, Ana Clara Aprotosoaie and Anca Miron
Horticulturae 2022, 8(12), 1158; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8121158 - 7 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1663
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of non-thermal plasma-activated water (PAW) on Triticum aestivum L. cv. Glosa sprouts. Two types of PAW were generated by exposing distilled water to a high-voltage electric discharge. Wheat caryopses were treated either with PAW1 (25 [...] Read more.
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of non-thermal plasma-activated water (PAW) on Triticum aestivum L. cv. Glosa sprouts. Two types of PAW were generated by exposing distilled water to a high-voltage electric discharge. Wheat caryopses were treated either with PAW1 (25 mg/L NO3−, 4 mg/L NO2−, and 6 mg/L H2O2) or PAW2 (35 mg/L NO3−, 5 mg/L NO2−, and 7.5 mg/L H2O2) for 8 days, with samples being collected at days 1, 2, 3, and 8. The germination rate, growth parameters, protein, photosynthetic pigments, total phenolic contents, antioxidant activity of free and bound phenolic fractions, and activity of antioxidant enzymes were evaluated. Both PAW1 and PAW2 had positive effects on Triticum aestivum L. cv. Glosa sprouts. PAW2 had a better impact on sprouts with respect to growth parameters, free phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of the free phenolic fraction (day 3), the accumulation of proteins, and photosynthetic pigments (day 8). In conclusion, exposure to PAW increases the quality of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Glosa sprouts. Further optimization of PAW treatment is required for the most favorable impact on the accumulation of biomass and health-promoting compounds in sprouts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal, Aromatic, Spice Plants: Biodiversity, Phytochemistry, Bioactivity and Their Processing Innovation)
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14 pages, 2763 KiB  
Article
Effects of Different Root Zone Heating Methods on the Growth and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Cucumber
by Xueting Bi, Xiaozhuo Wang and Xueyan Zhang
Horticulturae 2022, 8(12), 1137; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8121137 - 2 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1637
Abstract
Root zone heating can solve the problems associated with the yield and decline in the quality caused by low-temperature stress in cucumber during winter and early spring. An experiment was performed to investigate the effects of different heating methods on the root zone [...] Read more.
Root zone heating can solve the problems associated with the yield and decline in the quality caused by low-temperature stress in cucumber during winter and early spring. An experiment was performed to investigate the effects of different heating methods on the root zone temperature, growth and photosynthetic characteristics, fruit quality, and yield of cucumber. Using traditional soil cultivation (CK1) and sand cultivation (CK2) in a greenhouse as the controls, four heating treatments were set up: soil-ridge sand-embedded cultivation (T1), water-heated soil cultivation (T2), water-heated sand cultivation (T3), and water-curtain and floor-heating cultivation (T4). The results indicated that heating treatments T2 and T4 had better warming and insulation effects than the other treatments during both day and night, with an average temperature increase throughout the day of 0.8–1.2 °C compared with CK1. The chlorophyll content of leaves under the T2 and T4 treatments increased, and the photosynthetic rate and the overall plant growth were significantly higher than in the other treatments. Compared with the control, the fruit yield increased most significantly under the T2 and T4; the soluble sugar, soluble solids, and Vc contents in the fruit increased; while the nitrate content in the fruit decreased, effectively improving the fruit’s quality and yield. It was finally determined that the T2 and T4 heating treatments are the most effective in solving the low-temperature problem. Moreover, as T2 consumed relatively more electricity, the use of a water-curtain and floor-heating system in winter and spring should be considered in order to boost the yield and improve the quality. Full article
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13 pages, 2236 KiB  
Article
Potential of Debaryomyces hansenii Strains on the Inhibition of Botrytis cinerea in Blueberry Fruits (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)
by Surelys Ramos-Bell, Luis G. Hernández-Montiel, Rita M. Velázquez-Estrada, Juan A. Herrera-González and Porfirio Gutiérrez-Martínez
Horticulturae 2022, 8(12), 1125; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8121125 - 30 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1726
Abstract
Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) is a crop with great potential for exportation and is very important for its antioxidant properties. However, this fruit is susceptible to different factors of deterioration and attack by pathogens. Botrytis cinerea is the main cause of post-harvest [...] Read more.
Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) is a crop with great potential for exportation and is very important for its antioxidant properties. However, this fruit is susceptible to different factors of deterioration and attack by pathogens. Botrytis cinerea is the main cause of post-harvest losses in this crop. Antagonistic yeasts from the Debaryomyces hansenii species, which is of marine origin, have been proposed as an alternative method for fungal control. For this reason, this study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antagonistic capacity of the yeast against B. cinerea. The in vitro growth of the fungus was inhibited by 90% and germination was reduced by 100%, and through the production of volatile organic compounds, the growth of the pathogen was inhibited by 32.5%. Photographic evidence by electron microscopy revealed the effects caused by D. hansenii on B. cinerea. The incidence study showed a 50% reduction in the incidence of the disease caused by B. cinerea in blueberries, while quality parameters—such as soluble solids, titratable acidity, and pH—presented stable values, delaying the maturation process of the fruits. Likewise, the rate of reduction in firmness and physiological weight loss was lower, and the blueberries preserved their quality for a longer time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Disease Control in Horticultural Production)
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17 pages, 2603 KiB  
Article
Unveiling the Predisposing Factors for the Development of Branch Canker and Dieback in Avocado: A Case of Study in Chilean Orchards
by Ana L. Valencia, Jorge Saavedra-Torrico, Inés Marlene Rosales, Johanna Mártiz, Alonso Retamales, Andrés Link and Pilar M. Gil
Horticulturae 2022, 8(12), 1121; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8121121 - 29 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2201
Abstract
Chilean avocado orchards have been affected by branch canker and dieback, mainly associated with pathogens species of the family Botryosphaeriaceae. Producers often relate water stress to these phenomena; however, predisposing factors for these diseases in Chilean orchards have not been reported. Therefore, the [...] Read more.
Chilean avocado orchards have been affected by branch canker and dieback, mainly associated with pathogens species of the family Botryosphaeriaceae. Producers often relate water stress to these phenomena; however, predisposing factors for these diseases in Chilean orchards have not been reported. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the main climate, planting, and management variables associated with branch canker and dieback in Chilean avocado orchards. Multivariable statistical analyses (PCA and PLS-DA) were performed to analyze 76 variables possibly associated with the incidence of these diseases during two consecutive growing seasons. Our findings indicated that branch canker and dieback are mainly conditioned by orchard variables such as plant age, canopy volume, trunk diameter, leaf area index, and planting density. Variables associated with aged orchards, such as high age, high canopy volume, and high trunk diameter, appeared to be more associated with high incidence levels than were younger orchards with higher planting densities and high tree vigor levels. In addition, abiotic stresses, such as frost and overirrigation, were associated as secondary factors affecting these diseases’ development in avocado orchards. Moreover, this study allowed us to determine that branch canker and dieback can develop indistinctly in the different Chilean agroclimatic zones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens and Disease Control of Fruit Trees)
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14 pages, 2475 KiB  
Article
HyPRP1, A Tomato Multipotent Regulator, Negatively Regulates Tomato Resistance to Sulfur Dioxide Toxicity and Can Also Reduce Abiotic Stress Tolerance of Escherichia coli and Tobacco
by Xueting Chen, Lulu Wang, Yan Liang, Xiaomeng Hu, Qianqian Pan, Yin Ding and Jinhua Li
Horticulturae 2022, 8(12), 1118; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8121118 - 28 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1411
Abstract
Abiotic stresses have led to an extensive decline in global crop production and quality. As one of the abiotic stress factors, sulfur dioxide (SO2) causes severe oxidative damage to plant tissues. Based on our previous study, a tomato hybrid-proline-rich protein 1 [...] Read more.
Abiotic stresses have led to an extensive decline in global crop production and quality. As one of the abiotic stress factors, sulfur dioxide (SO2) causes severe oxidative damage to plant tissues. Based on our previous study, a tomato hybrid-proline-rich protein 1 (HyPRP1) was found to be involved in abiotic stress and SO2 metabolism, though the gene functions remained largely unknown. In this study, the function analysis of the HyPRP1 gene was extended, and DNA methylation analysis, subcellular localization, and cis-element analysis were performed to investigate the features of this gene. The DNA methylation analysis implied that the HyPRP1 gene was hypermethylated and the methylation density in the leaf differed from that in the flower and fruit. Subcellular localization analysis identified HyPRP1 localized in the cytoplasm and plasma membrane in vivo. The E. coli cells harboring SlHyPRP1 showed reduced salt and drought resistance. In tomato, when SO2 toxicity occurred, the HyPRP1 RNAi knockdown lines accumulated more sulfates and less hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and showed minimal leaf necrosis and chlorophyll bleaching. In tobacco, the overexpression of HyPRP1 reduced tolerance against salt stresses exerted by NaCl. We conclude that the heterologous expression of tomato HyPRP1 in E. coli and tobacco reduces abiotic stress tolerance and negatively regulates the resistance to sulfur dioxide toxicity by scavenging H2O2 and sulfite in tomato. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes, Genetics and Breeding of Tomato)
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19 pages, 1559 KiB  
Review
The Importance of Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Development and Secondary Metabolite Production of Echinacea purpurea and Relatives (Asteraceae): Current Research Status and Perspectives
by Martin Iakab, Erzsébet Domokos, Klára Benedek, Katalin Molnár, Endre Kentelky, Erzsebet Buta and Francisc Vasile Dulf
Horticulturae 2022, 8(12), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8121106 - 25 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2315
Abstract
The cultivation of Echinacea purpurea for commerce and obtaining high-quality plant material on a large scale remain a challenge for growers. Another challenge for the following decades is to create sustainable agriculture that meets society’s needs, has no environmental impact, and reduces the [...] Read more.
The cultivation of Echinacea purpurea for commerce and obtaining high-quality plant material on a large scale remain a challenge for growers. Another challenge for the following decades is to create sustainable agriculture that meets society’s needs, has no environmental impact, and reduces the use of fertilizers and pesticides. The aims of this overview were: (1) to present the importance of the chemical compounds reported in E. purpurea; (1) to synthesize results about cultivation of the E. purpurea with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and associated microorganisms; (2) to exemplify similar research with plants from the Asteraceae family, due to the limited number of published Echinacea studies; (3) to collect recent findings about how the inoculation with AMF affects gene expressions in the host plants; (4) to propose perspective research directions in the cultivation of E. purpurea, in order to increase biomass and economic importance of secondary metabolite production in plants. The AMF inocula used in the Echinacea experiments was mainly Rhizophagus irregularis. The studies found in the selected period (2012–2022), reported the effects of 21 AMFs used as single inocula or as a mixture on growth and secondary metabolites of 17 plant taxa from the Asteraceae family. Secondary metabolite production and growth of the economic plants were affected by mutualistic, symbiotic or parasitic microorganisms via upregulation of the genes involved in hormonal synthesis, glandular hair formation, and in the mevalonate (MVA), methyl erythritol phosphate (MEP) and phenylpropanoid pathways. However, these studies have mostly been carried out under controlled conditions, in greenhouses or in vitro in sterile environments. Since the effect of AMF depends on the variety of field conditions, more research on the application of different AMF (single and in various combinations with bacteria) to plants growing in the field would be necessary. For the identification of the most effective synergistic combinations of AMF and related bacterial populations, transcriptomic and metabolomic investigations might also be useful. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinals, Herbs, and Specialty Crops)
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19 pages, 1523 KiB  
Article
The Alleviation Effects of Biostimulants Application on Lettuce Plants Grown under Deficit Irrigation
by Christina Chaski and Spyridon A. Petropoulos
Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111089 - 17 Nov 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1817
Abstract
Τhe aim of this study was to examine the potential of using biostimulants for the amelioration of deficit irrigation effects on field-grown lettuce plants growth parameters (cv. Doris (Romaine type) and cv. Manchester (Batavia type)). Therefore, five biostimulatory products that differed in their [...] Read more.
Τhe aim of this study was to examine the potential of using biostimulants for the amelioration of deficit irrigation effects on field-grown lettuce plants growth parameters (cv. Doris (Romaine type) and cv. Manchester (Batavia type)). Therefore, five biostimulatory products that differed in their composition were evaluated, including seaweed extracts, amino acids, humic and fulvic acids, macronutrients, Si, and vegetable proteins, while a control treatment with no biostimulants applied on plants was also considered. Plants were subjected to three irrigation regimes, e.g., rain-fed plants (RF), deficit irrigation (I1; 50% of field capacity) and normal irrigation (I2; 100 of field capacity). The results indicate that the application of seaweed extracts, macronutrients, and amino acids (SW treatment) alleviated the negative effects of deficit irrigation on plant growth and chlorophyll content of Romaine-type plants. On the other hand, Batavia-type plants were more susceptible to water stress, since the highest crop yield plant was observed under the full irrigation treatment and the application of vegetal proteins and amino acids (VP treatment). In general, the application of biostimulants on the Romaine type improved plant growth under water shortage conditions compared with fully irrigated plants in almost all measurements, whereas the Batavia-type plants appeared to be more sensitive to deficit irrigation. Therefore, the ecofriendly practices of deficit irrigation and biostimulant application could be useful in leafy vegetable production on a genotype-depended manner. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Green Leafy Vegetables)
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13 pages, 2506 KiB  
Article
Identification of a Leafy Head Formation Related Gene in Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis)
by Yonghui Zhao, Chuanhong Liu, Bing Fang, Shengnan Huang, Nan Wang, Chong Tan, Jie Ren and Hui Feng
Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1086; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111086 - 17 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1671
Abstract
Leafy head formation is one of the most important characteristics of Chinese cabbage, and the process is regulated by a series of genes and environmental factors. In this study, a non-heading short leaf mutant slm was identified from an ethyl methane sulfonate mutagenesis [...] Read more.
Leafy head formation is one of the most important characteristics of Chinese cabbage, and the process is regulated by a series of genes and environmental factors. In this study, a non-heading short leaf mutant slm was identified from an ethyl methane sulfonate mutagenesis (EMS) population of the heading Chinese cabbage line FT. The most significant phenotypic characteristics of slm was shortening leaves and increasing leaf numbers, which led to failure to form a leafy head. Genetic analysis showed that a single recessive gene Brslm was responsible for the mutant phenotype. Mutmap analysis suggested that Brslm was located on chromosome A07, and four candidate genes were predicted. KASP analysis demonstrated that BraA07g039390.3C was the target gene of the candidates. BraA07g039390.3C is a homologous to Arabidopsis CLV1 encoding receptor kinase with an extracellular leucine-rich domain. Sequencing analysis revealed that a single SNP from G to A occurred in 904th nucleotide of Brclv1, which resulted in the change of the 302nd amino acid from Asp to Asn. The SNP was co-segregated with the mutant phenotype in F2 individuals and located on the conserved domains. These results indicated that BrCLV1 was the mutant gene for slm which led to shortening leaves and increasing leaf numbers, disrupting the leafy heading formation in FT. These findings contribute to revealing the BrCLV1 function in leafy head formation in Chinese cabbage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))
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21 pages, 4815 KiB  
Article
Prevention and Control of Fusarium spp., the Causal Agents of Onion (Allium cepa) Basal Rot
by Ofir Degani, Elhanan Dimant, Asaf Gordani, Shaul Graph and Eliyahu Margalit
Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1071; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111071 - 14 Nov 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5049
Abstract
Fusarium basal rot disease (FBR) is considered a serious threat to commercial onion production in Israel and worldwide. Today, coping means applied in Israel against the disease have limited efficiency and include a four-year crop cycle and disinfecting the soil with metam sodium. [...] Read more.
Fusarium basal rot disease (FBR) is considered a serious threat to commercial onion production in Israel and worldwide. Today, coping means applied in Israel against the disease have limited efficiency and include a four-year crop cycle and disinfecting the soil with metam sodium. At the same time, agricultural tools (harrows, plows, etc.), contaminated equipment and workers facilitate spread of the disease to new growth areas, and the field disease incidence in Israel now reaches 8% of yields in heavily infected areas. Infected onions do not always show disease symptoms and the problem worsens if they arrive at storage facilities, especially since this pathogen genus produces known toxins. The current study aims at examining the potential of chemical control to reduce the damage caused by this disease. To this end, nine commercial fungicides were scanned in plate sensitivity assay against the main pathogens involved, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae and Fusarium acutatum. Several fungicides were found to be highly effective against the two pathogens, especially the mixtures Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole, Fluopyram + Trifloxystrobin, or the Fluazinam compounds. Three selected preparations previously tested in seedlings were evaluated here in a full growing season. Prochloraz successfully protected the Orlando variety (white onion, Riverside cv.) and the Noam variety (red onion) at all growth stages against F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae. At the same time, this treatment was ineffective against F. acutatum in Noam cv. Another anti-fungal preparation, Fludioxonil + Sedaxen mixture, showed a wider range of effectiveness at the season’s end against the two Fusarium species tested in both onion cultivars. These results are an important step towards developing FBR control in commercial onion fields. Follow-up work is needed to optimize the pesticides’ concentrations and their application methods and to test them on a field scale. Interestingly, these pathogens were more aggressive towards the cultivar from which they were isolated: F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae to the red onion Noam cv. and F. acutatum to the white Orlando cv. Infecting the plants with both pathogens reduced disease symptoms in the white Orlando cv, suggesting antagonistic interactions in this onion genotype. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vegetable and Fruit Postharvest Physiology and Diseases)
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18 pages, 4815 KiB  
Article
State of the Art and Elucidation of Postharvest LED Lighting on the Metabolism of Brassica Sprouts
by Lorena Martínez-Zamora, Noelia Castillejo, Marina Cano-Lamadrid and Francisco Artés-Hernández
Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1065; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111065 - 13 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1699
Abstract
Brassicaceae sprouts are important sources of vitamins, phenolic compounds, minerals, glucosinolates, and isothiocyanates. LEDs illumination have been demonstrated to increase yield and the phytochemical content of young plants. In the present work, rocket, radish, and tatsoi seeds were germinated in darkness for 7 [...] Read more.
Brassicaceae sprouts are important sources of vitamins, phenolic compounds, minerals, glucosinolates, and isothiocyanates. LEDs illumination have been demonstrated to increase yield and the phytochemical content of young plants. In the present work, rocket, radish, and tatsoi seeds were germinated in darkness for 7 days at 20 °C and 90% RH. After harvesting, sprouts were stored for 5 days at 5 °C under different LEDs treatments: White, Blue, Green, Orange, and Red. Darkness was used as control. The respiration rate and the sulforaphane content were monitored as a reference of the primary and secondary metabolism changes to evaluate the influence of LEDs. The application of Blue and Green LEDs increased the CO2 emission by ~25–45% compared to Darkness while no C2H4 emission was detected. The biosynthesis of sulforaphane was also increased by ~15–25%, under different wavelengths, although a clear tendency was not found among species. The state of the art of this research field was reviewed to elucidate the knowledge on it. Conclusively, the primary and secondary metabolism of plants, specifically in sprouts, can be stimulated using postharvest LED lighting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Quality and Safety of Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce)
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16 pages, 8580 KiB  
Article
Establishment of a Mutant Library of Fragaria nilgerrensis Schlechtendal ex J. Gay via EMS Mutagenesis
by Shu Jiang, Mingqian Wang, Can Zhao, Yuchen Cui, Zhi Cai, Jun Zhao, Yang Zheng, Li Xue and Jiajun Lei
Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111061 - 12 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1908
Abstract
The diploid wild strawberry Fragaria nilgerrensis Schlechtendal ex J. Gay mainly distributed in Southwest China has many excellent traits and a small genome. A high-quality genome of F. nilgerrensis is available, but functional genomic research remains scarce. In the present study, to promote [...] Read more.
The diploid wild strawberry Fragaria nilgerrensis Schlechtendal ex J. Gay mainly distributed in Southwest China has many excellent traits and a small genome. A high-quality genome of F. nilgerrensis is available, but functional genomic research remains scarce. In the present study, to promote functional genomic research of F. nilgerrensis, ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) was used to mutagenize the apical meristems, and the appropriate EMS mutagenesis dosages were screened. After treatment of 1200 apical meristems with 0.6% EMS for 6 h, a mutant library consisting of 86 mutant individuals, which were characterized by 17 mutant types, with a mutation rate of 7.17% was established. The characteristics of mutants included changes in the color, shape, number and size of leaves, and the architecture of flower and plant. The obtained mutants were identified by morphological appearance, botanical indexes, chlorophyll, photosynthetic fluorescence assays, root-tip chromosome, and flow cytometry observation. These mutants can provide great resources for gene functional research and future breeding of F. nilgerrensis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)
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14 pages, 3767 KiB  
Article
Characteristics of Organic Phosphorus Pool in Soil of Typical Agriculture Systems in South China
by Tong Li, Jianwu Yao, Ruikun Zeng, Yong Chen, Lijiang Hu, Mengyao Zou and Jianfeng Ning
Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1055; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111055 - 9 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1629
Abstract
Organic phosphorus (P) is an important potential source of plant P nutrition in agro-ecosystems. It was hypothesized that the soil organic P pools were distinguished one from another by different land-utilization patterns. A total of 38 sites were sampled, to clarify the organic [...] Read more.
Organic phosphorus (P) is an important potential source of plant P nutrition in agro-ecosystems. It was hypothesized that the soil organic P pools were distinguished one from another by different land-utilization patterns. A total of 38 sites were sampled, to clarify the organic P pool and its distribution in paddy fields, vegetable fields, and orchards. Soil organic P fractions, including labile organic P (LOP), moderately labile organic P (MLOP), moderately resistant organic P (MROP) and highly resistant organic P (HROP) were examined. Results showed that the soil total P (TP) and available P (AP) concentration have enhanced by 138% and 1559%, respectively, over the last four decades. The soil total organic P (TOP) accounted for 21.4% of the TP pool. Soil MLOP dominated the organic P reservoir, irrespective of land-planting pattern. Soil organic P fractions ranked as MLOP > MROP > HROP > LOP. The highest accumulations of TP, AP and TOP were in the vegetable fields, followed by orchards and paddy fields. The vegetable fields had higher LOP and MLOP levels than those of the paddy fields and orchards, whereas the paddy fields exhibited higher concentrations of MROP, and HROP. Soil pH, organic matter and available nitrogen all contributed to the buildup of the organic P pool. It was suggested that soil organic P should be considered preferentially in the management of the plant P nutrient in regional planting systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)
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16 pages, 2783 KiB  
Article
The Contribution of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Emitted by Petals and Pollen to the Scent of Garden Roses
by Matteo Caser and Valentina Scariot
Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1049; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111049 - 8 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3041
Abstract
Flower scent is an important trait of ornamental roses and has been an important character in the selection processes. In the present study, the composition of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by both petals and pollen of 21 garden roses (Chinensis, Climber, [...] Read more.
Flower scent is an important trait of ornamental roses and has been an important character in the selection processes. In the present study, the composition of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by both petals and pollen of 21 garden roses (Chinensis, Climber, English rose, Floribunda, Hybrid Tea, Multiflora, Damascena, Musk rose, Polyantha, Rugosa and Shrub) was investigated through the GC-MS Static Headspace method. A total of 19 different VOCs were detected, and for each identified compound, an odorant description was included. In petals, the most common VOCs were 2-phenylethanol, methyl eugenol, and hexanal, present in 95%, 86% and 86% of garden roses, respectively. While, in pollen were methyl eugenol, methyl-1-butanol, and hexanal (present in 100%, 95%, and 90% of the genotypes, respectively), even if in lower content. The comparison between the petals and pollen profile shown that, even with less quantity, the main compounds characterizing the scent of the studied roses are present both in the petals and in the pollen (19 and 17 compounds, respectively), with different magnitude. Overall, the content of VOCs emitted by petals was more than five times higher than that produced by pollen. Different and characteristic VOCs profiles were emitted by petals and pollen of the studied garden roses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Floriculture, Nursery and Landscape, and Turf)
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18 pages, 1470 KiB  
Review
The Impacts of the Emerging Climate Change on Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck.) Crop
by Anastasios S. Siomos, Konstantinos Koularmanis and Pavlos Tsouvaltzis
Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1032; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111032 - 4 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3539
Abstract
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck.) is nowadays one of the most important vegetable crops worldwide, with an increasing demand by the market, due to its high nutritional value. Based on the optimal temperature range, its cultivation in the temperate regions [...] Read more.
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck.) is nowadays one of the most important vegetable crops worldwide, with an increasing demand by the market, due to its high nutritional value. Based on the optimal temperature range, its cultivation in the temperate regions takes place from late summer to late spring. Broccoli cultivation nowadays faces many challenges, such as the profitable production throughout the year, as well as during conditions of an increased temperature, induced by the emerging climate change, as well as the possibility of introducing the cultivation to subtropical and tropical areas. The modern genotypes (F1 hybrids) differ significantly among themselves in terms of the requirements for the head’s formation, which, however, has not been fully elucidated. In this direction, breeders have been developing programs internationally since the early 1990s, in order to create genotypes that will be adapted to temperatures higher than the optimal range, having, however, a relatively limited initial germplasm pool. The purpose of this review is to present extensively the temperature requirements in the broccoli crop production and to highlight the impacts of the emerging climate change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)
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27 pages, 3814 KiB  
Article
Volatile Profiles of Vidal Grapes in the Shangri-La High-Altitude Region during On-Vine Non-Destructive Dehydration
by Qing-Fang Xu, Liang Fan, Kai-Xiang Lu, Dong-Mei Zhao, Ming-Xia Zhang and Jian Cai
Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111029 - 3 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1455
Abstract
Both free and glycosidically bound forms of volatile compounds in Vidal grapes from the Shangri-La high-altitude region during the on-vine non-destructive dehydration process were investigated by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), following which the data were processed by [...] Read more.
Both free and glycosidically bound forms of volatile compounds in Vidal grapes from the Shangri-La high-altitude region during the on-vine non-destructive dehydration process were investigated by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), following which the data were processed by multivariate statistical analysis. Fatty-acid-derived volatiles (FADs), amino-acid-derived volatiles (AADs), and isoprene-derived volatiles (IPDs), which occurred mainly in bound forms, were the three major volatiles in dehydrated Vidal grapes. Water-loss concentration, biosynthesis, and biodegradation all occurred during dehydration, eventually modifying some volatiles significantly, especially some powerful odorants such as hexanal, trans-2-hexenal, 2-phenethyl acetate, β-myrcene, linalool, geraniol, cis-rose oxide, and β-damascenone. 1-Octen-3-ol was relatively stable during the non-destructive on-vine dehydration process and its content in grape juice was mainly determined by the concentration effect. 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, 2-phenethyl acetate, 2-methyl-1-propanol, and hexanol were screened as some of the most important metabolic markers to discriminate grapes at different dehydration degrees. Our study also highlights the fundamental importance of the expression of volatile content in the metabolomic study of grape berries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Berry Crop Flavoromics, Secondary Metabolism and Regulation)
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13 pages, 332 KiB  
Article
Study of Primary and Secondary Metabolites of Stenospermocarpic, Parthenocarpic and Seeded Raisin Varieties
by Ozkan Kaya, Fadime Ates, Zeki Kara, Metin Turan and Gastón Gutiérrez-Gamboa
Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1030; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111030 - 3 Nov 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1457
Abstract
(1) Background: Stenospermocarpic (Sultani Çekirdeksiz and Black Kishmish), parthenocarpic (Black Corinth), and seeded varieties (Ekşi Kara and Gök Üzüm) are used for raisin production. To our knowledge, there is little available information about the biochemical characteristics of raisins produced from these varieties. (2) [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Stenospermocarpic (Sultani Çekirdeksiz and Black Kishmish), parthenocarpic (Black Corinth), and seeded varieties (Ekşi Kara and Gök Üzüm) are used for raisin production. To our knowledge, there is little available information about the biochemical characteristics of raisins produced from these varieties. (2) Methods: Some metabolites, such as hormones, sugars, vitamins, minerals, and amino acids, including enzymatic activity, were determined in different raisin varieties. (3) Results: Seedless raisin varieties presented higher content of several hormones, vitamins, and minerals, as antioxidant capacity than the raisins produced from seeded varieties. Contrary to this, seeded raisin varieties presented higher contents of most measured sugars and amino acids than the raisins produced from seedless varieties. (4) Conclusions: Biological mechanisms of pollination and fertilization induced modifications in the primary and secondary metabolism of grapes, considerably affecting biochemical compounds and the antioxidant capacity of raisins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Primary Production and Processing in Viticulture)
15 pages, 1714 KiB  
Article
Using Sigmoid Growth Models to Simulate Greenhouse Tomato Growth and Development
by Shih-Lun Fang, Yu-Hsien Kuo, Le Kang, Chu-Chung Chen, Chih-Yu Hsieh, Min-Hwi Yao and Bo-Jein Kuo
Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1021; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111021 - 2 Nov 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2857
Abstract
Mathematical modeling has been used to describe the characteristics of crop growth. Establishing a growth model can help to better understand the responses of crops to their environment and improve the efficiency of agricultural production. This study establishes empirical growth models to predict [...] Read more.
Mathematical modeling has been used to describe the characteristics of crop growth. Establishing a growth model can help to better understand the responses of crops to their environment and improve the efficiency of agricultural production. This study establishes empirical growth models to predict the growth of greenhouse tomato. In this study, we collected beef tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. ‘993′) growth data over two crop seasons in Taiwan and established growth models by employing the commonly used Gompertz and Logistic curves. Days after transplanting (DAT) and growing degree-days (GDD) were introduced as independent variables and their relationships with five traits, i.e., plant height, leaf area index, stem dry matter, leaves dry matter, and fruits dry matter were determined. The performances of GDD models were slightly better than those of the DAT models. In addition, we inferred five critical points with biological meaning based on the proposed growth models. The critical points estimated by the Logistic model are closer to our expectation than those of the Gompertz model, and they were applicable for the ‘993′ tomato in Taiwan. These results can be used to predict tomato growth and adjust the fieldwork schedule to improve the efficiency of the greenhouse production of tomatoes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)
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14 pages, 1951 KiB  
Article
Relative Cleanability and Sanitization of Blueberry Mechanical Harvester Surfaces
by Renee M. Holland, Laurel L. Dunn, Jinru Chen, Himabindu Gazula, Jonathan E. Oliver and Harald Scherm
Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1017; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111017 - 1 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1317
Abstract
Berry crops are increasingly being harvested mechanically to reduce labor costs, but there is a lack of research on best practices for cleaning and sanitizing of mechanical harvesters to maintain proper food hygiene. Laboratory experiments were conducted with surface coupons cut from materials [...] Read more.
Berry crops are increasingly being harvested mechanically to reduce labor costs, but there is a lack of research on best practices for cleaning and sanitizing of mechanical harvesters to maintain proper food hygiene. Laboratory experiments were conducted with surface coupons cut from materials commonly used on blueberry harvesters, including polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, aluminum, extruded polycarbonate, acetal plastic, and stainless steel. Surfaces differed in their hydrophobicity and surface roughness, ranging from 0.04 µm for polycarbonate to 1.57 µm for acetal plastic. The relative cleanability of the surface coupons was assessed by determining the removal of an applied mock soil (dried blueberry puree) in a rinsing-shaking assay with distilled water at room temperature. Results showed that the amount of soil removed increased over time according to a negative exponential function, from 29.6% at 30 s to 40.3% at 240 s rinse time. Compared with the time effect, the differences in soil removal among surfaces were relatively small. The addition of cleaning agents and detergents did not improve soil removal, and the only treatment that removed significantly more soil than the water control was heated (50 °C) distilled water. In sanitization assays, three representative microorganisms were allowed to attach to surface coupons, then exposed to three different sanitizers (0.25% bleach with 200 ppm free-chlorine sodium hypochlorite, 0.30% SaniDate 5.0, or 1.0% No-Rinse Food Contact Cleaner Sanitizer). There was no significant surface effect on microbial reductions following sanitizer treatment. For Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, none of the sanitizers significantly reduced population densities below the water control. In contrast, surface populations of Rhodoturula mucilaginosa and Epicoccum nigrum were reduced significantly by all three sanitizers, with SaniDate (23.0% hydrogen peroxide + 5.3% peroxyacetic acid) resulting in the greatest reduction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogen Control Strategies for Pre-/Post-harvest of Horticultural Plants and the Application of the Plant-Derived Substances for Microbial Risk Management)
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11 pages, 3411 KiB  
Article
Altered brassinolide sensitivity1 Regulates Fruit Size in Association with Phytohormones Modulation in Tomato
by Muhammad Ali Mumtaz, Fangman Li, Xingyu Zhang, Jinbao Tao, Pingfei Ge, Ying Wang, Yaru Wang, Wenxian Gai, Haiqiang Dong and Yuyang Zhang
Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1008; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111008 - 31 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1553
Abstract
BRs (Brassinosteroids) regulate many essential pathways related to growth, cell elongation, cell expansion, plant architecture, and fruit development. The potential exogenous application of BR-derivatives has been proven to stimulate plant growth and development, including quality attributes of fruits, whereas its biosynthesis inhibition has [...] Read more.
BRs (Brassinosteroids) regulate many essential pathways related to growth, cell elongation, cell expansion, plant architecture, and fruit development. The potential exogenous application of BR-derivatives has been proven to stimulate plant growth and development, including quality attributes of fruits, whereas its biosynthesis inhibition has shown the opposite effect. In this study, BR-insensitive tomato mutants were used to reveal the potential function of BR signaling in the regulation of fruit development to elaborate the regulatory mechanism of BR signaling in tomato fruits. The BR-signaling mutant exhibited a typical dwarf phenotype and reduced vegetative growth, fruit size, and weight. Microscopic and transcriptional evaluation of the abs1 mutant fruits implies that reduced cell size and number are responsible for the phenotypic variations. Additionally, we also found that the altered content of phytohormones, such as auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, and ethylene levels, contributed to altered fruit development. Moreover, fruit growth and cell development-specific gene expression levels were downregulated in BR-insensitive plants; culminating in reduced cell size, cell number, and cell layers. These findings provide insight into physio-chemical changes during fruit development in response to BR-insensitivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes, Genetics and Breeding of Tomato)
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10 pages, 507 KiB  
Article
Machine Learning Deciphers Genotype and Ammonium as Key Factors for the Micropropagation of Bryophyllum sp. Medicinal Plants
by Eva Lozano-Milo, Mariana Landin, Pedro Pablo Gallego and Pascual García-Pérez
Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8110987 - 25 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1549
Abstract
Bryophyllum constitutes a subgenus of succulent plants that have been widely employed worldwide in traditional medicine. Micropropagation is required to optimize their growth and reproduction for biotechnological purposes. The mineral composition of culture media is usually an underestimated factor in the design of [...] Read more.
Bryophyllum constitutes a subgenus of succulent plants that have been widely employed worldwide in traditional medicine. Micropropagation is required to optimize their growth and reproduction for biotechnological purposes. The mineral composition of culture media is usually an underestimated factor in the design of the in vitro culture protocols of medicinal plants. Universal and highly cited media mineral formulations, such as the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, are generally employed in plant tissue culture studies, although they cause physiological disorders due to their imbalanced mineral composition. In this work, neurofuzzy logic is proposed as a machine-learning-based tool to decipher the key factors (genotype, number of subcultures, and macronutrients) that are involved in the establishment of the Bryophyllum sp. in vitro culture. The results show that genotype played a key role, as it impacts both vegetative growth and asexual reproduction in all of the species that were studied. In addition, ammonium was identified as a significant factor, as concentrations above 15 mM promote a negative effect on vegetative growth and reproduction. These findings should be considered as the starting point for optimizing the establishment of the in vitro culture of Bryophyllum species, with large-scale applications as biofactories of health-promoting compounds, such as polyphenols and bufadienolides. Full article
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18 pages, 3925 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Identification, Cloning and Expression Profile of RanBP2-Type Zinc Finger Protein Genes in Tomato
by Yanna Gao, Ning Li, Jiaojiao Ruan, Ying Li, Xiaoli Liao and Changxian Yang
Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8110985 - 23 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1457
Abstract
The RanBP2-type zinc finger (RBZ) protein genes, which are well-characterized in animals, are involved in the regulation of mRNA processing. Although they are diversely distributed in plants, their functions still remain largely unknown. In this study, we performed a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of [...] Read more.
The RanBP2-type zinc finger (RBZ) protein genes, which are well-characterized in animals, are involved in the regulation of mRNA processing. Although they are diversely distributed in plants, their functions still remain largely unknown. In this study, we performed a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of 22 RBZ genes in tomato. The gene structure analysis revealed that the SlRBZ genes have 2 to 17 exons. SlRBZ proteins contain typical conserved domains, including Motif 1 or Motif 2, or a combination of Motif 9 and Motif 4. Two paralogous pairs were identified in the tomato. Segmental duplication possibly contributed to the expansion of the SlRBZ genes in tomato. Interestingly, the SlRBZ15 gene generated four products, yielded by alternative splicing. A cis-regulatory element analysis revealed that SlRBZ genes might be involved in the complex regulatory networks during plant growth and development. The expression profiles of the SlRBZ genes were analyzed in different tissues using eight phytohormones and four abiotic stress treatments based on RNA sequencing data and qRT-PCR verification. The results showed that each gene responded differently to more than one phytohormone or abiotic stress type. This research provides a foundation for future functional research on SlRBZ genes in tomato. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes, Genetics and Breeding of Tomato)
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15 pages, 1290 KiB  
Article
Effect of Biostimulant Application on Plant Growth, Chlorophylls and Hydrophilic Antioxidant Activity of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Grown under Saline Stress
by Christophe El-Nakhel, Eugenio Cozzolino, Lucia Ottaiano, Spyridon A. Petropoulos, Sabrina Nocerino, Maria Eleonora Pelosi, Youssef Rouphael, Mauro Mori and Ida Di Mola
Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 971; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100971 - 20 Oct 2022
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4897
Abstract
Irrigated agricultural lands are prone to salinity problems which may imperil horticultural crops by reducing growth, yield and even qualitative traits. Eco-friendly approaches such as biostimulant application and in particular protein hydrolysates from vegetal origin are implemented to mitigate salinity stress effects on [...] Read more.
Irrigated agricultural lands are prone to salinity problems which may imperil horticultural crops by reducing growth, yield and even qualitative traits. Eco-friendly approaches such as biostimulant application and in particular protein hydrolysates from vegetal origin are implemented to mitigate salinity stress effects on crops. For this reason, a greenhouse experiment on spinach irrigated with increasing concentrations of saline water (EC = 3 dS m−1 (EC3), 6 dS m−1 (EC6) and 9 dS m−1 (EC9), in addition to non-saline treatment (EC0)) was organized, while plants were subjected to foliar applications of a protein hydrolysate from vegetal origin on a weekly basis. The application of this biostimulant helped mitigate the adverse effects of saline stress, by increasing the SPAD index and total chlorophylls of spinach plants. Yield was significantly boosted under biostimulant treatment in saline conditions and reached the value obtained in control treatment (no biostimulants added) × EC0 in the case of EC 3 and 6 dS m−1. In addition, the number of leaves and plants m−1 was increased under biostimulant treatment, and most importantly the hydrophilic antioxidant activity of spinach, thus a qualitative aspect of great importance was also increased. Such results increase the knowledge on the effects of protein hydrolysates application on an important leafy vegetable and may help growers mitigate saline conditions and maintain high crop yield and high quality of the final product when no other source of irrigation water is available. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biostimulants and Plant Elicitors to Mitigate the Effect of Biotic and Abiotic Stress)
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14 pages, 2241 KiB  
Article
Effects of Molybdenum Fertilizer Combined with Bacillus subtilis Strain on the Growth of Chinese Cabbage and the Content of Nitrate in Soil
by Yao Ma, Siwen Zhang, Jiawei Hu, Shiyong Chen and Juanjuan Wang
Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100970 - 19 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1598
Abstract
With increasing nitrogen application in soil, the problem of nitrate accumulation in soil and vegetable bodies has become increasingly serious. In this study, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) Strain11 was isolated and studied for its effects in combination with Molybdenum (Mo) on [...] Read more.
With increasing nitrogen application in soil, the problem of nitrate accumulation in soil and vegetable bodies has become increasingly serious. In this study, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) Strain11 was isolated and studied for its effects in combination with Molybdenum (Mo) on the growth of Chinese cabbage and soil nitrate content. The results showed that the strain effectively increased the growth, height, and moisture content of Chinese cabbage by 27% and 2.5%, respectively, compared to the control. Mo application alone reduced soil nitrate accumulation and increased root length, height, chlorophyll content, and moisture content of Chinese cabbage, with an optimal rate of 0.8–1.2 mg/kg soil. The application of Mo fertilizer in combination with the Bacillus strain was the most effective in increasing plant height and root length of Chinese cabbage, which were 1.49 times and 1.68 times that of the control, respectively. The proportion of dry matter, the average fresh weight, and the dry weight under this treatment were 9.01%, 5.83 g/plant, and 0.53 g/plant, respectively, higher than the rest. At harvest, the highest ammonium-nitrogen content in this treatment group was 8.56 mg/kg, and the soil nitrate reduction reached 40.68%. In conclusion, Mo fertilizer at a rate of 0.8 mg Mo/kg soil, in combination with B. subtilis Strain11, was recommended for the remediation of nitrate-contaminated soils. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)
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15 pages, 4505 KiB  
Article
Transfer of Self-Fruitfulness to Cultivated Almond from Peach and Wild Almond
by Thomas M. Gradziel
Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100965 - 18 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2140
Abstract
The almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] is normally self-sterile, requiring orchard placement of pollinizer cultivars and insect pollinators. Honeybees are the primary insect pollinators utilized, but climate change and the higher frequency of extreme weather events have reduced their availability to [...] Read more.
The almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] is normally self-sterile, requiring orchard placement of pollinizer cultivars and insect pollinators. Honeybees are the primary insect pollinators utilized, but climate change and the higher frequency of extreme weather events have reduced their availability to levels insufficient to meet the demands of current and anticipated almond acreage. The incorporation of self-fruitfulness may eliminate the need for both pollinizers and pollinators and allow the planting of single cultivar orchards that facilitate orchard management and reduce agrochemical inputs. Self-fruitfulness requires self-compatibility of self-pollen tube growth to fertilization, as well as a high level of consistent self-pollination or autogamy over the range of anticipated bloom environments. The Italian cultivar Tuono has been the sole source of self-compatibility for breeding programs world-wide, leading to high levels of inbreeding in current almond improvement programs. Both self-compatibility and autogamy have been successfully transferred to commercial almonds from cultivated peaches (Prunus persica L.), as well as wild peach and almond species. Self-compatibility was inherited as a novel major gene, but was also influenced by modifiers. Molecular markers developed for one species source often failed to function for other species’ sources. Autogamy was inherited as a quantitative trait. Breeding barriers were more severe in the early stages of trait introgression, but rapidly diminished by the second to third backcross. Increasing kernel size, which was similarly inherited as a quantitative trait, was a major regulator of the introgression rate. Self-fruitfulness, along with good commercial performance of tree and nut traits, was recovered from different species sources, including Prunus mira, Prunus webbii, P. persica, and the P. webbii-derived Italian cultivar Tuono. Differences in expression of self-fruitfulness were observed, particularly during field selection at the early growth stages. Introgression of self-fruitfulness from these diverse sources also enriched overall breeding germplasm, allowing the introduction of useful traits that are not accessible within traditional germplasm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers in Nut Crop Genetics and Germplasm Diversity)
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14 pages, 2045 KiB  
Article
Yield, Antioxidant Activity and Total Polyphenol Content of Okra Fruits Grown in Slovak Republic
by Júlia Fabianová, Miroslav Šlosár, Tomáš Kopta, Andrea Vargová, Mária Timoracká, Ivana Mezeyová and Alena Andrejiová
Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 966; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100966 - 18 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2556
Abstract
Climate change, linked with an increase in temperature, contributes to the possibility growing of non-typical and lesser-known vegetable species in the Slovak Republic, including okra. Seven okra cultivars were tested as part of this study, which focused on the basic yield parameters, antioxidant [...] Read more.
Climate change, linked with an increase in temperature, contributes to the possibility growing of non-typical and lesser-known vegetable species in the Slovak Republic, including okra. Seven okra cultivars were tested as part of this study, which focused on the basic yield parameters, antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content in okra fruits. The statistical analysis of obtained results revealed significant differences in all monitored parameters of okra. The selection of “plastic” crop cultivars that can produce a steadier yield in each growing year is required due to the significant climate variations between growing seasons. In this regard, the okra cultivar ‘Baby Bubba’ can be recommended. The results also showed the high antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of okra pulp and seeds. Okra has a higher nutritional quality than other vegetable species frequently grown in the Slovak Republic. Okra cultivars ‘Burgundy’, ‘Pure Luck F1′ and ‘Jing Orange’ can be suggested from a nutritional perspective. Finally, it is possible to state that okra cultivars showed good yield potential and nutritional quality compared to the studies realized in countries in which okra is known and commonly used by the human population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products from Fruits and Vegetables: Analysis and Biological Activities)
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12 pages, 1783 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Harvest Date on Temporal Cannabinoid and Biomass Production in the Floral Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivars BaOx and Cherry Wine
by Eric R. Linder, Sierra Young, Xu Li, Shannon Henriquez Inoa and David H Suchoff
Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 959; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100959 - 17 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4466
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to model the temporal accumulation of cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in field-grown floral hemp in North Carolina and establish harvest timing recommendations to minimize non-compliant crop production. Field trials were conducted in 2020 and 2021 with [...] Read more.
The objectives of this study were to model the temporal accumulation of cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in field-grown floral hemp in North Carolina and establish harvest timing recommendations to minimize non-compliant crop production. Field trials were conducted in 2020 and 2021 with BaOx and Cherry Wine cultivars. Harvest events started two weeks after floral initiation and occurred every two weeks for 12 weeks. Per-plant threshed biomass accumulation exhibited a linear plateau trend. The best fit model for temporal accumulation of THC was a beta growth curve. As harvest date was delayed, total THC concentrations increased until concentrations reached their maximum, then decreased as plants approached senescence. Logistic regression was the best fit model for temporal accumulation of CBD. CBD concentrations increased with later harvest dates. Unlike THC concentrations, there was no decline in total CBD concentrations. To minimize risk, growers should test their crop as early as possible within the USDA’s 30-day compliance window. We observed ‘BaOx’ and ‘Cherry Wine’ exceeding the compliance threshold 50 and 41 days after flower initiation, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinals, Herbs, and Specialty Crops)
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15 pages, 6032 KiB  
Article
Functional Analysis of Glucose-6-Phosphate Translocator PoGPT1 in Embryogenic Callus Formation of Tree Peony
by Yinglong Song, Wenqian Shang, Zheng Wang, Songlin He, Yuke Sun, Liyun Shi, Yuxiao Shen and Dan He
Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 957; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100957 - 16 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1620
Abstract
Tree peony (Paeonia ostii) is an ornamental flowering plant that is generally recalcitrant to establishment of a mature somatic embryo regeneration system in vitro. Glucose-6-phosphate translocator (GPT) plays an important regulatory role in embryogenesis of plants. In this study, PoGPT1 was [...] Read more.
Tree peony (Paeonia ostii) is an ornamental flowering plant that is generally recalcitrant to establishment of a mature somatic embryo regeneration system in vitro. Glucose-6-phosphate translocator (GPT) plays an important regulatory role in embryogenesis of plants. In this study, PoGPT1 was cloned, and a bioinformatic analysis and functional verification of the gene were performed. The results showed that PoGPT1 encoded a polypeptide of 392 amino acids, which was a basic non-secreted hydrophobic transmembrane protein, and was mainly localized in the plastids. PoGPT1 was highly expressed in tree peony leaves, and its transcript abundance increased with the progression of zygotic embryo development. Overexpression of PoGPT1 caused up-regulation of leafy cotyledon 1 (PoLEC1), somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase (PoSERK), and agamous-like15 (PoAGL15) in tree peony callus. In addition, PoGPT1 overexpression promoted the increase in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 5-deoxystrigol (5DS), and brassinolide (BL) contents, especially of IAA, but reduced the contents of abscisic acid (ABA), 6-benzyladenosine (BARP), and 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACC). The present research showed that PoGPT1 synergistically regulated the contents of endogenous hormones and expression levels of embryogenesis-related genes to promote the embryonic development of tree peony. The results provide theoretical and technical support for the establishment of a tree peony embryogenic callus formation and subsequent research on somatic embryogenesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Floriculture, Nursery and Landscape, and Turf)
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15 pages, 2101 KiB  
Article
A New Promising Plant Defense Stimulator Derived from a By-Product of Agar Extraction from Gelidium sesquipedale
by Rromir Koçi, Fabrice Dupuy, Salim Lebbar, Vincent Gloaguen and Céline Faugeron Girard
Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100958 - 16 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1658
Abstract
Stimulation of plant defenses by elicitors is an alternative strategy to reduce pesticide use. In this study, we examined the elicitor properties of a by-product of the industrial extraction of agar from the red alga Gelidium sesquipedale. Agar extraction process leads to [...] Read more.
Stimulation of plant defenses by elicitors is an alternative strategy to reduce pesticide use. In this study, we examined the elicitor properties of a by-product of the industrial extraction of agar from the red alga Gelidium sesquipedale. Agar extraction process leads to the formation of an alkaline residue which is poorly valorized. This by-product has been analyzed for its chemical composition. It contains 44% minerals and, among the organic compounds, sugars are the most represented and encompass 12.5% of the dry matter. When sprayed on tomato plants, this by-product enhanced the levels of defense markers such as peroxidase or phenylalanine ammonia lyase activities. Furthermore, this treatment increased the expression levels of the pathogenesis-related gene, PR9 encoding peroxidase. A field trial conducted on grapevine revealed that spraying treatment with this by-product resulted in a reduction of the macroscopic disease symptoms induced by Plasmospora viticola, with 40 to 60% efficacy. These results indicate that this agar extraction by-product could be used as a plant defense stimulator. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Control Strategies of Plant Pathogens in Horticulture)
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17 pages, 1741 KiB  
Article
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm and Anti-Insect Activities of Jasminum grandiflorum Essential Oil
by Lucia Galovičová, Natália Čmiková, Nenad Vukovic, Milena Vukic, Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski, Ladislav Bakay and Miroslava Kačániová
Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 953; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100953 - 14 Oct 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3434
Abstract
The essential oil of Jasminum grandiflorum has very good biological activity. The present study aimed to analyze the chemical composition and biological activity of J. grandiflorum. The main constituents of J. grandiflorum essential oil were benzyl acetate (37%), benzyl benzoate (34.7%) and [...] Read more.
The essential oil of Jasminum grandiflorum has very good biological activity. The present study aimed to analyze the chemical composition and biological activity of J. grandiflorum. The main constituents of J. grandiflorum essential oil were benzyl acetate (37%), benzyl benzoate (34.7%) and linalool (9.6%). The antioxidant activity was 58.47%, which corresponds to 220.93 TEAC. The antimicrobial activity was weak to moderate, with inhibition zones ranging from 2.33 to 5.33 mm. The lowest MIC value was against Candida glabrata. The antimicrobial activity of the vapor phase of the essential oil was significantly stronger than that of the contact application. Biofilm analysis using a MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper showed changes in the protein profile of Pseudomonas fluorescens that confirmed the inhibitory effect of J. grandiflorum. The insecticidal potential of the essential oil against Oxycarenus lavatera and Brassicogethes aeneus was also demonstrated. Due to the properties of J. grandiflorum essential oil, it could find application as a biofilm control agent for the shelf-life extension and storage of fruits and vegetables and as a possible insecticidal agent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)
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12 pages, 1754 KiB  
Article
High Nitrogen Fertilization Decreases Seed Weight but Increases Longevity in Tomato Seeds
by Javier Sánchez, Francisco Albornoz and Samuel Contreras
Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 942; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100942 - 14 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1350
Abstract
Nitrogen fertilization is a key practice in agriculture and its effects on yield and quality of most commodity products are widely known. However, the response of seed production to N fertilization, especially with regard to its effects on seed quality, is still poorly [...] Read more.
Nitrogen fertilization is a key practice in agriculture and its effects on yield and quality of most commodity products are widely known. However, the response of seed production to N fertilization, especially with regard to its effects on seed quality, is still poorly understood. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of N fertilization on tomato seed yield and quality. Six quality attributes were assessed (weight, standard germination, germination rate under normal and adverse conditions, dormancy and longevity) in tomato cv. Moneymaker plants fertigated with one of three nutrient solutions differing in their N concentration: 5, 15 or 25 mM. Seed weight decreased by 4% with increasing N fertilization while standard germination and mean germination time did not vary among treatments, with average values of 89.7% and 6.2 days, respectively. The percentage and rate of germination decreased when seeds were imbibed in solutions with reduced osmotic potential; however, this effect was less pronounced in seeds from the 25 mM treatment, indicating a lower dormancy. When germination was evaluated after accelerated aging, seeds from the high N fertilization treatment showed greater longevity. These results contribute to optimizing fertilization practices for the production of high quality tomato seeds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies and Practices of Fertilization Management of Horticultural Crops)
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14 pages, 2617 KiB  
Article
The SlSWEET12c Sugar Transporter Promotes Sucrose Unloading and Metabolism in Ripening Tomato Fruits
by Jiaqi Sun, Chaoyang Feng, Xin Liu and Jing Jiang
Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 935; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100935 - 12 Oct 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2058
Abstract
Sugar content is a primary determinant of taste and quality in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit. Sugar allocation from source to sink is dependent on the activity of plasma membrane sugar transporters and is a critical process in plant development. Sugar will [...] Read more.
Sugar content is a primary determinant of taste and quality in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit. Sugar allocation from source to sink is dependent on the activity of plasma membrane sugar transporters and is a critical process in plant development. Sugar will eventually be exported transporters (SWEETs) are sugar transporters that play key roles in plant biology, including growth and development. However, few studies have been conducted on the tomato SWEET protein family to date. Through gene expression analysis, we found that SlSWEET12c had the highest expression during the red ripening stage of tomato fruits. Yeast functional complementation, subcellular localization, and GUS activity assays showed that SlSWEET12c is a plasma membrane-localized sugar transporter that accumulates in the vascular bundles, carpel, and sarcocarp. Silencing SlSWEET12c increased sucrose accumulation and reduced the number of hexoses in tomato fruits; the opposite effects were observed under SISWEET12c overexpression. Invertase activity was also decreased after silencing SISWEET12c. These results suggest that SlSWEET12c is a sugar transporter that promotes sucrose unloading and metabolism in ripening tomato fruits, offering a new target for improving tomato quality and production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes, Genetics and Breeding of Tomato)
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23 pages, 2218 KiB  
Article
Tomato Landraces May Benefit from Protected Production—Evaluation on Phytochemicals
by Anna Divéky-Ertsey, Márta Ladányi, Barbara Biró, Mónika Máté, Dóra Drexler, Ferenc Tóth, Krisztina Boziné Pullai, Attila Gere, Péter Pusztai and László Csambalik
Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 937; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100937 - 12 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1405
Abstract
Plant genetic resources (PGRs) serving as a wide genetic pool of tomato germplasm can provide a solid base for recent breeding efforts to increase consumer acceptance towards the taste and the phytonutrient properties of novel tomato varieties. Old varieties and landraces were abandoned [...] Read more.
Plant genetic resources (PGRs) serving as a wide genetic pool of tomato germplasm can provide a solid base for recent breeding efforts to increase consumer acceptance towards the taste and the phytonutrient properties of novel tomato varieties. Old varieties and landraces were abandoned by producers due to unfavorable phenotypic characteristics; however, their high adaptability and nutritional properties are inevitably valuable. This study aims to investigate the impact of open-field vs. protected production on various bioactive compound parameters and on the antioxidant status of seven indeterminate-type tomato PGRs in an organic production system for two years (2015–2016). Genotype main effect plus genotype × environment interaction (GGE) biplots were created for visualizing the which-won-where concept of the PGRs investigated. The GGE analysis revealed that the phytonutrient content of certain PGRs is less dependent on location and more influenced by differences in microclimatic conditions. “Balatonboglár”, “Mátrafüred” and “Fadd” PGRs performed better in a polytunnel, while Tarnaméra provided better results in an open field. “Máriapócs” and “San Marzano” showed a relative independence from production location in terms of their measured phytonutrient values. These findings enrich the nutritional datasets of tomato landraces, which support the in situ conservation and utilization of PGRs in breeding programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)
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11 pages, 3688 KiB  
Article
Development of InDel Markers for Gypsophila paniculata Based on Genome Resequencing
by Chunlian Jin, Bin Liu, Jiwei Ruan, Chunmei Yang and Fan Li
Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100921 - 7 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1550
Abstract
Gypsophila paniculata is the only species in the genus Gypsophila that has been used as cut flowers, and the sequencing of its genome has just been completed, opening a new chapter in its molecular genetic breeding. The molecular marker system is the basis [...] Read more.
Gypsophila paniculata is the only species in the genus Gypsophila that has been used as cut flowers, and the sequencing of its genome has just been completed, opening a new chapter in its molecular genetic breeding. The molecular marker system is the basis for genetic molecular research in the era of genomics, whereas it is still a gap for G. paniculata. In this study, we constructed a genome-wide InDel marker system of G. paniculata after genome resequencing of another wild-type accession with white flowers. Consequently, 407 InDel markers at a distance of ~2 Mb were designed for all 17 chromosomes. Later, the validation of these markers by PCR revealed that 289 markers could distinguish alleles of the two wild-type alleles clearly. The predicted polymorphisms of two wild-type alleles were then transferred to the commercial cultivars, which displayed a rich polymorphism among four commercial cultivars. Our research established the first genome-level genetic map in G. paniculata, providing a comprehensive set of marker systems for its molecular research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genomic Analyses and New Breeding Technologies for the Enhancement of Horticultural Plants)
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19 pages, 1830 KiB  
Article
Relieving the Phenotyping Bottleneck for Grape Bunch Architecture in Grapevine Breeding Research: Implementation of a 3D-Based Phenotyping Approach for Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping
by Florian Rist, Florian Schwander, Robert Richter, Jennifer Mack, Anna Schwandner, Ludger Hausmann, Volker Steinhage, Reinhard Töpfer and Katja Herzog
Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 907; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100907 - 5 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1760
Abstract
In viticulture, winemakers and the industry demand grape bunches that have a reduced degree of bunch compactness. The major aspect is that a loose bunch compactness reduces the risk of severe Botrytis bunch-rot infections. Grapevine breeders focus hereby on several bunch-architecture-related traits. For [...] Read more.
In viticulture, winemakers and the industry demand grape bunches that have a reduced degree of bunch compactness. The major aspect is that a loose bunch compactness reduces the risk of severe Botrytis bunch-rot infections. Grapevine breeders focus hereby on several bunch-architecture-related traits. For specific breeding approaches and breeding-research-related topics, such as Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) analysis or molecular marker development, the exact and objective phenotyping of such traits is mandatory. In this study, a precise and high-throughput 3D phenotyping pipeline was applied to screen 1514 genotypes from three mapping populations with different genetic backgrounds to investigate its applicability for QTL mapping approaches. In the first step, the phenotypic data of one population containing 150 genotypes were collected and analyzed with the 3D phenotyping pipeline. Additionally, corresponding reference data were obtained. Phenotypic values and results of a QTL analysis were compared with each other. Strongly positive correlations up to r = 0.93 between 3D and reference measurements could be detected for several traits. The ten-times-faster 3D phenotyping pipeline revealed 20, and the reference phenotyping methods revealed 22 QTLs. Eighteen of these QTLs were consistent between both procedures. In the next step, screening was extended to four different mapping populations across several seasons. In total, up to 1500 genotypes were screened during one season (>5000 grape bunches in total). The data analysis revealed significant differences across years and populations. Three bunch-architecture traits, including total berry volume, bunch width, and berry diameter, explained the highest amount of variability in the phenotypic data. A QTL analysis was performed on the phenotypic data of the involved populations to identify comparative genetic loci for bunch-architecture traits. Between 20 and 26 stable and reproducible QTLs for the investigated populations were detected. A common QTL for berry diameter could be identified for all populations. Our results strongly conclude that this locus is co-located on chromosome 17 when mapped to the grapevine reference genome. The results show that the implementation of the 3D phenotyping platform allows for precise and extended screenings of different, genetic diverse mapping populations and thus opens up the possibility to uncover the genomic architecture of this highly complex quantitative grapevine trait. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Viticulture)
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15 pages, 1857 KiB  
Article
Transcriptome Remodeling in Response to Leaf Removal and Exogenous Abscisic Acid in Berries of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Fruit Cuttings
by Qian Tong, Li Liu, Yan Zhao, Junhua Kong, Yongjian Wang, Xiaobo Xu, Ghislaine Hilbert, Eric Gomès and Zhanwu Dai
Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 905; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100905 - 3 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1875
Abstract
Climate change is known to simultaneously increase berry sugars but decrease anthocyanins, leading to an imbalance between sugars and anthocyanins in grape berries. To restore the balance of sugars and anthocyanins, carbon limitation by leaf removal and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) were separately [...] Read more.
Climate change is known to simultaneously increase berry sugars but decrease anthocyanins, leading to an imbalance between sugars and anthocyanins in grape berries. To restore the balance of sugars and anthocyanins, carbon limitation by leaf removal and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) were separately or simultaneously applied to Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon fruit cuttings to decipher their effects on berry quality with metabolite and whole-genome transcriptome analyses. Carbon limitation decreased the hexose concentration and fully blocked the accumulation of anthocyanins. However, exogenous ABA increased the anthocyanin concentration under both carbon limitation and sufficient conditions. Carbon limitation and exogenous ABA induced the profound remodeling of the whole-genome transcriptome and altered the anthocyanin concentration by regulating the transcription levels of genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways as well as in the genes involved in various types of hormone signaling. Moreover, two pertinent candidate genes were identified based on the co-expression network analysis between the berry metabolite and transcriptome results, including a transcriptional factor, ERF2, and a calcineurin B-like protein-interacting protein kinase gene, CIPK25. In summary, simultaneously modifying the carbon supply by leaf removal and spraying exogenous ABA could re-establish the balance between sugars and anthocyanins to improve the qualities of grape berries via whole-genome transcriptome remodeling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viticulture under Constantly Changing Climate Conditions)
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23 pages, 432 KiB  
Review
Current Trends in Organic Vegetable Crop Production: Practices and Techniques
by Juan A. Fernández, Miren Edurne Ayastuy, Damián Pablo Belladonna, María Micaela Comezaña, Josefina Contreras, Isabel de Maria Mourão, Luciano Orden and Roberto A. Rodríguez
Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 893; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100893 - 29 Sep 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 7318
Abstract
Organic farming is a holistic production management system that promotes and enhances agroecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity, and consequently, it is an efficient and promising approach for sustainable agriculture within a circular and green economy. There has been [...] Read more.
Organic farming is a holistic production management system that promotes and enhances agroecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity, and consequently, it is an efficient and promising approach for sustainable agriculture within a circular and green economy. There has been a rise in the consumption of organic vegetables in the last years because of their organoleptic properties, higher nutritive value and lower risk of chemical residues harmful to health. The recent scientific evidence regarding the use of the major elements responsible for organic vegetable crop production indicates plant material, soil management and crop nutrition, soil disinfection, crop management and pest, disease and weed management. These techniques are the focus of this study. In general, the main outcomes of this review demonstrate that a great effort of innovation and research has been carried out by industry, researchers and farmers in order to reduce the environmental impact of the established and innovative horticultural practices while satisfying the requirements of consumers. However, research-specific studies should be carried out in different farming systems and pedoclimatic conditions to achieve the highest efficiency of these horticultural practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Organic Farming of Vegetable Crops in Greenhouse and Open Field Systems)
13 pages, 2859 KiB  
Article
Late Ripening Apple Production Benefits from High Shading and Water Limitation under Exclusion Netting
by Alexandra Boini, Gianmarco Bortolotti, Giulio Demetrio Perulli, Melissa Venturi, Alessandro Bonora, Luigi Manfrini and Luca Corelli-Grappadelli
Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 884; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100884 - 27 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1611
Abstract
In highly solar irradiated areas, apple production can face challenges due to high evaporative water demands. Shading can be used to lower irrigation requirements and make apple growing more sustainable. In this trial, a white exclusion net (40% shading) integrated with rain protection [...] Read more.
In highly solar irradiated areas, apple production can face challenges due to high evaporative water demands. Shading can be used to lower irrigation requirements and make apple growing more sustainable. In this trial, a white exclusion net (40% shading) integrated with rain protection was compared with a regular anti-hail black net (20% shading), on Rosy Glow apple. Crop physiology, yield and quality parameters were monitored during two consecutive years, under conditions of full and restricted irrigation. Since Et0 under the two cover systems was different, their respective 100% irrigation replacement was different; both covers also received a restricted irrigation treatment (70% replacement of Et0). Tree physiology (midday stem water potential, leaf gas exchanges, seasonal fruit growth) was not affected, neither by less light nor by less water. Moreover, marketable yield, fruit color and soluble solid content were improved under the more shaded environment, even when the irrigation volume was limited. These results are encouraging, as an overall 50% of water was saved (ca. 190 mm tree−1 per year), compared to the control irrigation treatment, under a classic anti-hail system (ca. 370 mm tree−1 per year). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Management of Fruit Trees)
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20 pages, 3323 KiB  
Review
Current Approaches to Light Conversion for Controlled Environment Agricultural Applications: A Review
by Mark O. Paskhin, Denis V. Yanykin and Sergey V. Gudkov
Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 885; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100885 - 27 Sep 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2968
Abstract
Modern agriculture cannot be imagined without the introduction of smart and efficient technologies. These, undoubtedly, include technologies for directed regulation of the illumination of agricultural plants. Depending on the climatic conditions of cultivation, farmers shade or additionally illuminate the plants, and also change [...] Read more.
Modern agriculture cannot be imagined without the introduction of smart and efficient technologies. These, undoubtedly, include technologies for directed regulation of the illumination of agricultural plants. Depending on the climatic conditions of cultivation, farmers shade or additionally illuminate the plants, and also change the spectrum of the light reaching the plants. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of solar light conversion methods and approaches for agricultural applications and discuss their advantages and limitations. Full article
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14 pages, 2864 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Selected Biological and Chemical Treatments against Soil-Borne Diseases of Ginger in High Tunnel Production
by Zelalem Mersha and Michael A. Ibarra-Bautista
Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100870 - 22 Sep 2022
Viewed by 1891
Abstract
With its multifaceted health benefits, ginger is one of the commonly consumed dietary condiments with continued demand worldwide leading to more importation into countries such as the U.S. The rhizome of ginger, the seed-piece but also the edible portion, is highly vulnerable to [...] Read more.
With its multifaceted health benefits, ginger is one of the commonly consumed dietary condiments with continued demand worldwide leading to more importation into countries such as the U.S. The rhizome of ginger, the seed-piece but also the edible portion, is highly vulnerable to pathogen infections causing seed-piece and soil-borne diseases (SSDs). Laboratory and high tunnel (HT) studies were conducted between 2018 and 2020 to evaluate the effect of soil and transplant drenches of selected biocontrol agents (BCAs) and chemicals. In vitro dual-culture tests revealed that the Trichoderma harzianum strain T-22 (Th-22) grew significantly faster than Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi (Foz), the fungus causing yellows and rhizome rot in ginger. Th-22 grew more than three times faster than Foz within 3 days and engulfed the pathogen within 7 days when incubated at 30 °C. The bioproducts (RootShield® Plus, LifeGard®), an insecticide/nematicide (Vydate®) and disinfectant (10% Clorox) tested against Foz and any pre-existing pathogens in a HT significantly reduced severity of yellowing and rhizome rot when compared with the non-treated control. Yield was significantly higher for RootShield® Plus compared to the control in one of the trials. Spatially, declining ginger growth but an increased incidence of SSDs were observed as one walked from the door towards the back of the HT. Phospho-lipid fatty acid analysis showed better microbial activity on soils that received drenches of BCAs than on soils sampled pre-treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Pathology and Disease Management (PPDM))
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14 pages, 2292 KiB  
Article
Effects and Benefits of Orchid Mycorrhizal Symbionts on Dendrobium officinale
by Yifan Zhang, Wenwen Huo, Jiayi Hou, Lei Liu, Xiaoying Yu and Lu Xu
Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 861; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100861 - 21 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2140
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo, a highly valued Chinese herbal medicine, is on the verge of extinction in the wild, and is not cultivated efficiently. In this study, we explored the possibility that orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) might improve the growth and cultivation [...] Read more.
Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo, a highly valued Chinese herbal medicine, is on the verge of extinction in the wild, and is not cultivated efficiently. In this study, we explored the possibility that orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) might improve the growth and cultivation of D. officinale. Serendipita sp., Tulasnella calospora and Tulasnella asymmetrica isolated from three different orchids were co-cultured with sterile seedlings of D. officinale. The seedlings were found to stably coexist with fungi after 60 days of co-culture. The co-culture of T. calospora with plants upregulated the activity of antioxidant enzymes, stimulated the production of osmoregulatory substances and reduced electrical conductivity. Plants with T. calospora had longer roots (141.2%), thicker leaves (58.3%), increased root number (71.4%) and leaf number (11.1%), and increased weight (155.2%) and photosynthetic pigment content (99.6%), relative to controls. The content of total medicinal polysaccharides increased by 42.69 % due to the addition of T. calospora. T. asymmetrica was less effective, followed by Serendipita sp. When T. calospora established a symbiotic relationship with D. officinale, resistance indicators increased. The content of functional components was significantly increased. This study contributes to the protection and commercial reproduction of endangered orchid plants with mycorrhizal technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinals, Herbs, and Specialty Crops)
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13 pages, 1256 KiB  
Article
Iron Biofortification of Greenhouse Cherry Tomatoes Grown in a Soilless System
by Camila Vanessa Buturi, Silvia Renata Machado Coelho, Claudio Cannata, Federico Basile, Francesco Giuffrida, Cherubino Leonardi and Rosario Paolo Mauro
Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 858; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100858 - 20 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2517
Abstract
Iron (Fe) biofortification is a strategy to increase the amount of iron in food crops. The goal of this work was to assess the possibility of maximizing the Fe content in cherry tomatoes grown in a soilless system. The cultivar Creativo was grown [...] Read more.
Iron (Fe) biofortification is a strategy to increase the amount of iron in food crops. The goal of this work was to assess the possibility of maximizing the Fe content in cherry tomatoes grown in a soilless system. The cultivar Creativo was grown with three concentrations of Fe (as Fe-HBED) in the nutrient solution (0.022, 1, and 2 mmol L−1), and received further foliar applications of the element (as Fe-DTPA) at 0, 250, and 500 µmol L−1. The addition of 2 mmol Fe L−1 to the nutrient solution, together with foliar sprays at 500 µmol Fe L−1, induced the highest increase in fruit Fe concentration in clusters 1 and 2 (by 163% and 190%, respectively). The Fe added to the nutrient solution increased the fruit dry matter (up to +10.21%) but decreased the fruit’s fresh weight (up to −11.06%). The higher Fe concentrations provided to the crop synergistically increased the contents of other minerals (i.e., K, Mg, Na, and Zn), along with the fruit’s titratable acidity and soluble solids content, improving multiple functional and quality traits of the cherry tomatoes. These results show that Fe biofortification of cherry tomatoes can be effective to address Fe deficiency while obtaining high-quality products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vegetable Biofortification: Strategies, Benefits and Challenges)
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20 pages, 4830 KiB  
Article
Functional Characterization of Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis L.) CsCBF2 Gene Involved in Multiple Abiotic Stress Response in Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)
by Qiying Zhou, Dongxiao Liu, Yiwan Wei, Ning Ma, Ruijiao Zhang, Zengya Zhang, Changjun Jiang and Hongyu Yuan
Horticulturae 2022, 8(9), 853; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090853 - 19 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1625
Abstract
C-repeat binding factors/dehydration responsive element binding factors 1 (CBFs/DREB1s) are a small family of transcription factors that play important roles in plant resistance to various external stresses. However, functional characterization of tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) CBF gene (CsCBF) was [...] Read more.
C-repeat binding factors/dehydration responsive element binding factors 1 (CBFs/DREB1s) are a small family of transcription factors that play important roles in plant resistance to various external stresses. However, functional characterization of tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) CBF gene (CsCBF) was still seldom reported. Here, functional study of the cold-responsive CBF gene (CsCBF2) was done. Results showed that CsCBF2 had conserved AP2 DNA-binding domain and the typical PKK/RPAGRxKFxETRHP and DSAWR signature sequences of CBF/DREB1. Yeast one-hybrid and transcription activation assays revealed that the activation domain of CsCBF2 could activate the reporter gene expression, and the N terminal of CsCBF2 displayed an inhibitory effect. Although CsCBF2 was conserved to bind the C-repeat/dehydration-responsive element (CRT/DRE), intact CsCBF2 protein preferred the CRT cis element. Under normal growth conditions, CsCBF2-overexpressing tobacco plants (CsCBF2-OX) exhibited lighter green leaf color, growth retardation, and dwarfism. Smaller leaf of CsCBF2-OX was only seen in eight weeks after been sown in soil. Under cold, salinity, or drought stress, CsCBF2-OX displayed better growing with longer roots, heavier fresh weight, higher germination rate, and accumulated more proline and sugar contents, but lower electrolyte leakage. The results demonstrated that CsCBF2 enhanced plant tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Tea Plant Biology and Tea Quality Regulation)
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19 pages, 4151 KiB  
Article
Comparative Study of Different Crassulaceae Species for Their Potential Use as Plant Covers to Improve Thermal Performance of Green Roofs
by Gonzalo Gurrea-Ysasi, Vicente Blanca-Giménez, Pascual Fernández de Córdova, Carles Cortés-Olmos, Adrián Rodríguez-Burruezo and Inmaculada C. Fita
Horticulturae 2022, 8(9), 846; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090846 - 14 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1569
Abstract
The presence of green roofs in urban areas improves the energy efficiency of buildings; contributes to the capture of CO2, decreasing pollution; and improves the appearance of cities, increasing their sustainability. Additionally, green roofs must include plant species with low requirements [...] Read more.
The presence of green roofs in urban areas improves the energy efficiency of buildings; contributes to the capture of CO2, decreasing pollution; and improves the appearance of cities, increasing their sustainability. Additionally, green roofs must include plant species with low requirements and maintenance, and thus, succulent species could be useful in Mediterranean semi-arid regions. In this work, the thermal inertia and the effect of different succulent species as thermal barriers on mitigating the increase in temperature inside experimental compartments were studied in comparison to conventional covers used in the Spanish Mediterranean for a whole year. In general, green covers were more efficient than conventional ones for controlling temperature. Thus, temperatures under green covers were up to 8 °C lower than conventional covers and 3–5 °C lower than the ambient temperature at noon on summer days. Furthermore, significant differences were found between green covers. Thus, despite having high thermal inertia, Aptenia cordifolia showed the worst temperature records, while Aeonium arboreum was the most efficient at mitigating temperature changes both on cold winter nights and hot summer days—even better than Sedum spp., a usual succulent used commercially. Our results demonstrate that succulent species are efficient materials to use as green covers to improve thermal conditions in buildings in Mediterranean cities. This also suggests that the mixture of succulent species (i.e., not only made of Sedum spp.) with different colors and textures could beautify green roofs without compromising their energy efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Roofs, Green Walls, Urban Greenhouses and Hi-Tech City Landscape for Sustainability)
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17 pages, 13985 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Fruit Quality and Genes Related to Proanthocyanidins Biosynthesis and Stress Resistance in Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.)
by Sichao Yang, Meng Zhang, Ming Zeng, Meihua Wu, Qinglin Zhang, Zhengrong Luo and Xinlong Hu
Horticulturae 2022, 8(9), 844; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090844 - 14 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1785
Abstract
Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) is becoming a fruit that is used worldwide because it contains high nutritional and medicinal value. However, the trait evaluation of persimmon is still needed and is critical for marketing and breeding, especially in China. Here, we evaluated [...] Read more.
Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) is becoming a fruit that is used worldwide because it contains high nutritional and medicinal value. However, the trait evaluation of persimmon is still needed and is critical for marketing and breeding, especially in China. Here, we evaluated thirteen quality indicators (fruit weight, horizontal length, vertical length, firmness, titratable acid content, vitamin C content, flavonoid content, anthocyanin content, soluble sugar content, pectinase activity, soluble protein content, tannin content, and tannin cell size) in six Chinese pollination-constant, astringent (PCA) persimmon cultivars (‘Jinxi 3′, ‘Ganfang 1′, ‘Poyang 5′, ‘Poyang 6′, ‘Yifeng 1′, and ‘Yifeng 3′) and a Japanese pollination-constant non-astringent (PCNA) persimmon cultivar (‘Youhou’). The quality indicator data were normalized and subjected to variant analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that 10 of 13 indicators among the seven persimmon cultivars were significantly different, and the contribution rates of the first principal component reached 40.582%. The principal component comprehensive scores for ‘Poyang 5′ and ‘Ganfang 1′ ranked second and third, respectively, and were clustered with that of ‘Youhou.’ In addition, we also measured the expression levels of three stress resistance genes and three proanthocyanidin (PA, also called condensed tannins) pathway genes in these persimmon cultivars by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT—PCR). The qRT—PCR analysis of DkCBF and DkWRKY3/8 showed low resistance to cold in ‘Ganfang 1′ but stronger resistance to anthracnose. Moreover, the expression of the PA pathway genes demonstrated that the PA content in ‘Ganfang 1′ was at a moderate level in the seven varieties. Together, our study revealed relatively comprehensive profiles of persimmon quality evaluation and demonstrated that ‘Ganfang 1′ may have the potential to be used as a breeding parent for future persimmon breeding programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Epigenetic Modifications and Breeding Application in Horticultural Plants)
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16 pages, 1193 KiB  
Article
Jasmonic Acid and Salicylic Acid Levels in Defense Response of Azalea (Rhododendron simsii Hybrid) to Broad Mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus)
by Leen Leus, Gil Luypaert, Emmy Dhooghe, Johan Witters, Els Pauwels, Christof Van Poucke, Els Van Pamel, Johan Van Huylenbroeck and Joachim Audenaert
Horticulturae 2022, 8(9), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090840 - 13 Sep 2022
Viewed by 1807
Abstract
The broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks)) is an important pest in many crops, including azalea (Rhododendron simsii Planch. hybrid). Broad mites cause the malformation of shoot tips, leaves and flowers in azalea. It is known that the jasmonic acid (JA)- and [...] Read more.
The broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks)) is an important pest in many crops, including azalea (Rhododendron simsii Planch. hybrid). Broad mites cause the malformation of shoot tips, leaves and flowers in azalea. It is known that the jasmonic acid (JA)- and salicylic acid (SA)-dependent signaling pathways are related to the presence of herbivorous mites. Here, we describe the levels of the two main plant defense-related hormones, SA and JA, in mite-infested plants. The plant hormones were analyzed using liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We studied both short-term hormonal responses under controlled conditions with artificial inoculation, and long-term responses under culture conditions with natural infestation. The long-term development of broad mite populations and hormone response were studied during two subsequent growing seasons on 3 and 18 different cultivars, respectively. During the experiments on 18 azalea cultivars under natural infestation, the presence of different species of tarsonemid mites was also examined. JA concentrations only showed variation in the early phase of infestation. Subsequently, the SA levels increased significantly for all the cultivars where broad mites were detected. Based on the observed timing of the defense responses, we suggest that the interaction of the JA and SA pathways as a defense response for pot azalea against P. latus involves a primary plant response through the JA pathway. In the presence of the mites, the production of SA increased in the plants in a later phase as the P. latus population grew. Our results also show that the hormone response depends on type of mite. Changes in hormone levels were found upon infestation with P. latus, but not in the presence of another frequently occurring tarsonemid mite, Tarsonemus confusus Ewing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Propagation, Breeding, Cultivation and Marketing of Ornamentals)
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8 pages, 639 KiB  
Article
Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Response to Incremental Application Rates of Potassium Fertilizer in Mississippi
by Lorin M. Harvey, Mark W. Shankle, Callie J. Morris, Mark A. Hall, Amitava Chatterjee and Kelsey M. Harvey
Horticulturae 2022, 8(9), 831; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090831 - 9 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2133
Abstract
Potassium (K) fertilization is a crucial component of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) production. The basis for K fertilizer recommendations in sweet potato production varies greatly and relies on studies conducted in the late 1950s–1970s. Changes in agronomic practices and increasing [...] Read more.
Potassium (K) fertilization is a crucial component of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) production. The basis for K fertilizer recommendations in sweet potato production varies greatly and relies on studies conducted in the late 1950s–1970s. Changes in agronomic practices and increasing costs emphasize the need to revisit fertilizer recommendations. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of seven different K fertilizer (K2O) application rates on sweet potato storage root yield, tissue K concentration, and economic implications in Mississippi. Incremental applications of K fertilizer did not influence sweet potato yield at any grade. Leaf tissue K concentration exhibited a quadratic trend in response to K fertilizer rate, with maximum leaf and root K content achieved at 269 and 404 kg·ha−1 K2O, respectively. Both the predicted K application rate for maximum yield and maximum profitability were the same, at 174 kg·ha−1 K2O. Accordingly, comparable sweet potato yields were achieved while applying substantially less fertilizer than the recommended rate. Further research is warranted to examine the impacts of only potassium fertilizer applications on soil characteristics and temporal trends in sweet potato potassium uptake, as well as refine fertilization recommendations for sweet potato production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)
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15 pages, 2272 KiB  
Article
Germination Kinetics and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging Allow for Early Detection of Alkalinity Stress in Rhododendron Species
by Shusheng Wang, Leen Leus, Peter Lootens, Johan Van Huylenbroeck and Marie-Christine Van Labeke
Horticulturae 2022, 8(9), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090823 - 7 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1633
Abstract
Rhododendron species are typical calcifuges that do not grow well in calcareous soils characterized by alkaline pH and high concentrations of Ca2+. In this study, we investigated the effects of three pH levels and a Ca2+ treatment on the in [...] Read more.
Rhododendron species are typical calcifuges that do not grow well in calcareous soils characterized by alkaline pH and high concentrations of Ca2+. In this study, we investigated the effects of three pH levels and a Ca2+ treatment on the in vitro germination and seedling growth of three Rhododendron species: R. chihsinianum, R. fortunei, and R. vernicosum. Alkaline pH had no significant effect on germination parameters (gMAX, mean germination time and germination uniformity) but significantly increased abnormal leaf development (AL) and mortality in all three species. Adding extra Ca2+ reduced the mean germination time for R. vernicosum. The negative influence of alkaline pH on seedlings was already visible on the second day of treatment as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging parameters (Fv/Fm and ΦPSII) on R. fortunei. Extra Ca2+ alleviated the negative effect of alkaline pH and increased Fv/Fm 41 days after seed germination in R. fortunei and R. chihsinianum and reduced mortality for all three species. In conclusion, alkaline pH mainly influenced seedling development and growth but not the germination process itself. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging can be an efficient way to perform high-throughput in vitro screening of Rhododendron seedlings for alkalinity tolerance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ornamental Plant Cultivation and Physiology)
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11 pages, 1909 KiB  
Article
The Relative Sensitivity of Marigold vs. Tomato to Iron (Fe) Toxicity Is Associated with Root Traits: Root-to-Shoot Mass Ratio, Failure to Sequester Fe in Roots, and Levels of the Major Fe-Uptake Protein, IRT
by Emina Kostic, Scott Heckathorn, Aaron Bagrowski, J. Thomas Franklin and Jennifer Boldt
Horticulturae 2022, 8(9), 803; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090803 - 2 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1741
Abstract
Some plants are susceptible to iron (Fe) toxicity, resulting in excess leaf Fe, followed by photo-oxidative damage and necrosis. Avoidance of Fe toxicity should relate to root Fe-uptake properties, including the concentration of Fe-uptake proteins, which are rarely measured. Therefore, we compared responses [...] Read more.
Some plants are susceptible to iron (Fe) toxicity, resulting in excess leaf Fe, followed by photo-oxidative damage and necrosis. Avoidance of Fe toxicity should relate to root Fe-uptake properties, including the concentration of Fe-uptake proteins, which are rarely measured. Therefore, we compared responses to Fe toxicity in marigold (Tagetes erecta), a species prone to Fe toxicity, with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) to determine which root responses were related to Fe-toxicity sensitivity. Plants were grown at 5, 50, and 500 µM Fe. Biomass decreased at 50 and/or 500 vs. 5 µM Fe in both species, with leaf necrosis occurring in marigold. Fe uptake per g root increased with increasing Fe in both species. Root and shoot Fe increased with Fe availability, with Fe much higher in roots than in shoots. Root Fe was higher in tomato, but shoot Fe was higher in marigold. Root protein levels of IRT, the main Fe transporter, decreased from 5 to 50 µM Fe in both species, but further decreased at 500 µM Fe only in tomato. In contrast, responses of secondary Fe-uptake proteins, FRO and H+-ATPase, were similar in the two species. Marigold was likely more susceptible to Fe toxicity because it could not prevent Fe transport to, and accumulation in, leaves; and its sensitivity to high Fe corresponded to a limited capacity to down-regulate IRT as available Fe increased. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticultural Plant Nutrition, Fertilization, Soil Management)
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17 pages, 2592 KiB  
Article
Biofortification of Lettuce and Basil Seedlings to Produce Selenium Enriched Leafy Vegetables
by Martina Puccinelli, Fernando Malorgio, Lucia Pintimalli, Irene Rosellini and Beatrice Pezzarossa
Horticulturae 2022, 8(9), 801; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090801 - 1 Sep 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 1908
Abstract
Selenium (Se) biofortification of plants has been recognized as a good strategy to improve the nutritive value of vegetables and increase Se daily intake in humans. Identifying the most appropriate method to enrich plants is a key issue in the biofortification process. We [...] Read more.
Selenium (Se) biofortification of plants has been recognized as a good strategy to improve the nutritive value of vegetables and increase Se daily intake in humans. Identifying the most appropriate method to enrich plants is a key issue in the biofortification process. We tested a biofortification technique that produces Se enriched seedlings for transplant, yet barely modifies conventional cultivation techniques. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) were exposed to selenium by adding 0, 1 and 3 mg L−1 (lettuce) and 0, 2 and 3 mg L−1 (basil) of Se, as sodium selenate, to the growing substrate immediately after sowing. When seedlings reached an appropriate size, they were transplanted into the open field, and plants were grown until maturity. Lettuce and basil seedlings accumulated selenium without any reduction in leaf biomass at maturity. The highest dose of Se induced a higher antioxidant capacity and flavonoid content in both species at both sampling times. At maturity, biofortified plants still showed a higher leaf Se content compared to the control, and would be able to provide from 10% to 17% (lettuce) and from 9% to 12% (basil) of the adequate intake (AI) of Se. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vegetable Biofortification: Strategies, Benefits and Challenges)
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