Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
5.5
3.0
Journals
Hydrogen
Special Issues
Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Utilization
share announcement

Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Utilization

A special issue of Hydrogen (ISSN 2673-4141).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2025) | Viewed by 26343

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Guo-Ming Weng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
2. Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Interests: hydrogen production; waste recycling; electrochemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hydrogen stands at the forefront of the global transition toward sustainable and decarbonized energy systems. As a clean, versatile energy carrier with the potential to decouple energy production from carbon emissions, hydrogen offers transformative opportunities across multiple sectors—from industry and transportation to power generation and storage. Recent years have witnessed remarkable advancements in hydrogen technologies, driven by the urgent need to meet climate targets, enhance energy security, and foster economic resilience.

This Special Issue "Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Utilization" aims to provide a comprehensive platform for the dissemination of cutting-edge research, innovative technologies, and critical insights across the hydrogen value chain. Contributions are invited that span fundamental studies and applied research, covering topics such as novel production pathways (including, but not limited to, electrolysis, photochemical, thermochemical, and biological processes), advanced storage materials and systems, and emerging applications in fuel cells, industrial processes, and integrated energy networks.

We particularly welcome interdisciplinary approaches that bridge materials science, engineering, chemistry, and policy perspectives, as well as studies that address the economic, environmental, and social dimensions of hydrogen technologies. By gathering a diverse range of high-quality research articles, reviews, and case studies, this Special Issue seeks to foster dialogue, inspire innovation, and accelerate the deployment of hydrogen solutions at scale.

We warmly invite researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to contribute their latest findings and perspectives to this Special Issue and join us in advancing the frontiers of hydrogen science and technology.

Dr. Guo-Ming Weng
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Hydrogen is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hydrogen production
  • hydrogen storage
  • hydrogen utilization
  • hydrogen energy transition
  • sustainable energy systems

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

  • Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • Reprint: MDPI Books provides the opportunity to republish successful Special Issues in book format, both online and in print.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (12 papers)

Download All Papers
Order results
Result details
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

Jump to: Review

19 pages, 1120 KB  
Article
Theoretically Estimated Experimental Adiabatic Electron Affinities of Hydrogen and Cyclohexane Molecules
by Igor Y. Shchapin and Andrey I. Nekhaev
Hydrogen 2025, 6(4), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen6040115 - 8 Dec 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 834
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen is the basis of hydrogen energy. It is formed and used in many fields of industry, physics, and chemistry. Molecular hydrogen is the main product formed during the gamma radiolysis of liquid cyclohexane. When studying the mechanism of molecular hydrogen formation [...] Read more.
Molecular hydrogen is the basis of hydrogen energy. It is formed and used in many fields of industry, physics, and chemistry. Molecular hydrogen is the main product formed during the gamma radiolysis of liquid cyclohexane. When studying the mechanism of molecular hydrogen formation during the gamma radiolysis of liquid cyclohexane, we found that the values of adiabatic electron affinity, one of the fundamental characteristics of atoms and molecules, had not yet been experimentally determined for hydrogen and cyclohexane molecules. Theoretical estimates of the adiabatic electron affinity of the hydrogen molecule made by other authors varied widely ([−0.3; −5.771] eV) and could not be compared with experimental values due to the absence of such data. Using DFT calculations at the PBE0/TZVPP level of theory, and a constructed correlation with experimental values of the adiabatic first ionization potential and electron affinity for a number of molecules, neutral radicals, and atoms, we estimated, for the first time, the experimental adiabatic electron affinities of hydrogen (−3.08 eV) and cyclohexane (−2.13 eV) molecules in the gas phase. When an electron is attached to a cyclohexane molecule, a cyclohexane radical anion is formed, a new, highly reactive species that has not been studied before. A new perspective on molecular hydrogen formation during the gamma radiolysis of liquid cyclohexane was introduced and discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Utilization)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 2033 KB  
Article
Influence of Catalytic Support on Hydrogen Production from Glycerol Steam Reforming
by Jorge Feijoo, Rocío Maceiras, Victor Alfonsín, Nevin Aly and Alejandro de la Fuente
Hydrogen 2025, 6(4), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen6040088 - 14 Oct 2025
Viewed by 1255
Abstract
The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier represents a promising alternative for mitigating climate change. However, its practical application requires achieving a high degree of purity throughout the production process. In this study, the influence of the type of catalytic support on [...] Read more.
The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier represents a promising alternative for mitigating climate change. However, its practical application requires achieving a high degree of purity throughout the production process. In this study, the influence of the type of catalytic support on H2 production via steam glycerol reforming was evaluated, with the objective of obtaining syngas with the highest possible H2 concentration. Three types of support were analyzed: two natural materials (zeolite and dolomite) and one metal oxide, alumina. Alumina and dolomite were coated with Ni at different loadings, while zeolite was only evaluated without Ni. Reforming experiments were carried out at a constant temperature of 850 °C, with continuous monitoring of H2, CO2, CO, and CH4 concentrations. The results showed that zeolite yielded the lowest H2 concentration (51%), mainly due to amorphization at high temperatures and the limited effectiveness of physical adsorption processes. In contrast, alumina and dolomite achieved H2 purities of around 70%, which increased with Ni loading. The improvement was particularly significant in dolomite, owing to its higher porosity and the recarbonation processes of CaO, enabling H2 purities of up to 90%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Utilization)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

34 pages, 6690 KB  
Article
Assessing the Effect of Mineralogy and Reaction Pathways on Geological Hydrogen (H2) Generation in Ultramafic and Mafic (Basaltic) Rocks
by Abubakar Isah, Hamidreza Samouei and Esuru Rita Okoroafor
Hydrogen 2025, 6(4), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen6040076 - 1 Oct 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2215
Abstract
This study evaluates the impact of mineralogy, elemental composition, and reaction pathways on hydrogen (H2) generation in seven ultramafic and mafic (basaltic) rocks. Experiments were conducted under typical low-temperature hydrothermal conditions (150 °C) and captured early and evolving stages of fluid–rock [...] Read more.
This study evaluates the impact of mineralogy, elemental composition, and reaction pathways on hydrogen (H2) generation in seven ultramafic and mafic (basaltic) rocks. Experiments were conducted under typical low-temperature hydrothermal conditions (150 °C) and captured early and evolving stages of fluid–rock interaction. Pre- and post-interactions, the solid phase was analyzed using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), while Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the composition of the aqueous fluids. Results show that not all geologic H2-generating reactions involving ultramafic and mafic rocks result in the formation of serpentine, brucite, or magnetite. Our observations suggest that while mineral transformation is significant and may be the predominant mechanism, there is also the contribution of surface-mediated electron transfer and redox cycling processes. The outcome suggests continuous H2 production beyond mineral phase changes, indicating active reaction pathways. Particularly, in addition to transition metal sites, some ultramafic rock minerals may promote redox reactions, thereby facilitating ongoing H2 production beyond their direct hydration. Fluid–rock interactions also regenerate reactive surfaces, such as clinochlore, zeolite, and augite, enabling sustained H2 production, even without serpentine formation. Variation in reaction rates depends on mineralogy and reaction kinetics rather than being solely controlled by Fe oxidation states. These findings suggest that ultramafic and mafic rocks may serve as dynamic, self-sustaining systems for generating H2. The potential involvement of transition metal sites (e.g., Ni, Mo, Mn, Cr, Cu) within the rock matrix may accelerate H2 production, requiring further investigation. This perspective shifts the focus from serpentine formation as the primary driver of H2 production to a more complex mechanism where mineral surfaces play a significant role. Understanding these processes will be valuable for refining experimental approaches, improving kinetic models of H2 generation, and informing the site selection and design of engineered H2 generation systems in ultramafic and mafic formations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Utilization)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2627 KB  
Article
Investigation of Mechano-Electrochemical Effects on Hydrogen Distribution at Corrosion Defects
by Zhixiang Dai, Jiamin Tang, Sijia Zheng, Feng Wang, Qin Bie, Pengcheng Kang, Xinyi Wang, Shiwen Guo and Lin Chen
Hydrogen 2025, 6(3), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen6030069 - 12 Sep 2025
Viewed by 902
Abstract
This study employed tensile test, hydrogen permeation measurements, and potentiodynamic polarization testing to investigate the mechanical properties, hydrogen diffusion coefficients, and electrochemical behavior of X80 steel. A multifield coupled finite element (FE) model was developed that incorporated the mechano-electrochemical (M-E) effect to analyze [...] Read more.
This study employed tensile test, hydrogen permeation measurements, and potentiodynamic polarization testing to investigate the mechanical properties, hydrogen diffusion coefficients, and electrochemical behavior of X80 steel. A multifield coupled finite element (FE) model was developed that incorporated the mechano-electrochemical (M-E) effect to analyze the stress–strain distribution, anodic equilibrium potential, cathodic exchange current density, and hydrogen distribution characteristics at pipeline corrosion defects under varying tensile strains. The results indicated that tensile strain significantly modulated the anodic equilibrium potential and cathodic exchange current density, leading to localized hydrogen accumulation at corrosion defects. The stress concentration and plastic deformation at the defect site intensified as the tensile strain increased, further promoting hydrogen enrichment. The study concluded that the M-E effect exacerbated hydrogen enrichment at the defect sites, increasing the risk of hydrogen-induced cracking. The simulation results showed that the hydrogen distribution state aligned with the stress–hydrogen diffusion coupling model when considering the M-E effect. However, the M-E effect slightly increased the hydrogen concentration at the defect. These findings provide critical insights for enhancing the safety and durability of hydrogen transmission pipelines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Utilization)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 5143 KB  
Article
An Efficient Finite Element Model to Predict the Mechanical Response of Metallic-Reinforced Pressure Vessels
by Ana Lucía León Razo, Miguel Ernesto Gutierrez Rivera, Carlos Enrique Valencia Murillo, Elias Rigoberto Ledesma Orozco and Israel Martinez Ramirez
Hydrogen 2025, 6(3), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen6030055 - 6 Aug 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1501
Abstract
In the design of pressure vessels for hydrogen storage, the durability and robustness of the designs are tested by using experimental methods, numerical simulations, or both. However, in the initial design phase, it is widely known that using numerical simulation tools reduces the [...] Read more.
In the design of pressure vessels for hydrogen storage, the durability and robustness of the designs are tested by using experimental methods, numerical simulations, or both. However, in the initial design phase, it is widely known that using numerical simulation tools reduces the cost of performing experiments; therefore, models that provide accurate and reliable results must be developed. This work presents an axisymmetric finite element model to predict the mechanical response of reinforced wire pressure vessels of type II. The main contribution of the present model is the use of equivalent properties and a minor number of contact elements to simulate the behavior of the wire reinforcement, which reduces the computational effort compared to a model with a solid-based mesh. The accuracy of the proposed model is tested against solid elements with very good agreement and experimental results with reasonable agreement. A parametric study was conducted to test the influence of the number of layers of reinforcement, and it was concluded that there is a limit to increasing the number of layers, which does not increase the vessel’s strength considerably, but it does with its mass. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Utilization)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

25 pages, 2540 KB  
Article
Classification Framework for Hydrological Resources for Sustainable Hydrogen Production with a Predictive Algorithm for Optimization
by Mónica Álvarez-Manso, Gabriel Búrdalo-Salcedo and María Fernández-Raga
Hydrogen 2025, 6(3), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen6030054 - 6 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1432
Abstract
Given the urgent need to decarbonize the global energy system, green hydrogen has emerged as a key alternative in the transition to renewables. However, its production via electrolysis demands high water quality and raises environmental concerns, particularly regarding reject water discharge. This study [...] Read more.
Given the urgent need to decarbonize the global energy system, green hydrogen has emerged as a key alternative in the transition to renewables. However, its production via electrolysis demands high water quality and raises environmental concerns, particularly regarding reject water discharge. This study employs an experimental and analytical approach to define optimal water characteristics for electrolysis, focusing on conductivity as a key parameter. A pilot water treatment plant with reverse osmosis and electrodeionization (EDI) was designed to simulate industrial-scale pretreatment. Twenty water samples from diverse natural sources (surface and groundwater) were tested, selected for geographical and geological variability. A predictive algorithm was developed and validated to estimate useful versus reject water based on input quality. Three conductivity-based categories were defined: optimal (0–410 µS/cm), moderate (411–900 µS/cm), and restricted (>900 µS/cm). Results show that water quality significantly affects process efficiency, energy use, waste generation, and operating costs. This work offers a technical and regulatory framework for assessing potential sites for green hydrogen plants, recommending avoidance of high-conductivity sources. It also underscores the current regulatory gap regarding reject water treatment, stressing the need for clear environmental guidelines to ensure project sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Utilization)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

25 pages, 5958 KB  
Article
Comparative Designs for Standalone Critical Loads Between PV/Battery and PV/Hydrogen Systems
by Ahmed Lotfy, Wagdy Refaat Anis, Fatma Newagy and Sameh Mostafa Mohamed
Hydrogen 2025, 6(3), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen6030046 - 5 Jul 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1886
Abstract
This study presents the design and techno-economic comparison of two standalone photovoltaic (PV) systems, each supplying a 1 kW critical load with 100% reliability under Cairo’s climatic conditions. These systems are modeled for both the constant and the night load scenarios, accounting for [...] Read more.
This study presents the design and techno-economic comparison of two standalone photovoltaic (PV) systems, each supplying a 1 kW critical load with 100% reliability under Cairo’s climatic conditions. These systems are modeled for both the constant and the night load scenarios, accounting for the worst-case weather conditions involving 3.5 consecutive cloudy days. The primary comparison focuses on traditional lead-acid battery storage versus green hydrogen storage via electrolysis, compression, and fuel cell reconversion. Both the configurations are simulated using a Python-based tool that calculates hourly energy balance, component sizing, and economic performance over a 21-year project lifetime. The results show that the PV/H2 system significantly outperforms the PV/lead-acid battery system in both the cost and the reliability. For the constant load, the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) drops from 0.52 USD/kWh to 0.23 USD/kWh (a 56% reduction), and the payback period is shortened from 16 to 7 years. For the night load, the LCOE improves from 0.67 to 0.36 USD/kWh (a 46% reduction). A supplementary cost analysis using lithium-ion batteries was also conducted. While Li-ion improves the economics compared to lead-acid (LCOE of 0.41 USD/kWh for the constant load and 0.49 USD/kWh for the night load), this represents a 21% and a 27% reduction, respectively. However, the green hydrogen system remains the most cost-effective and scalable storage solution for achieving 100% reliability in critical off-grid applications. These findings highlight the potential of green hydrogen as a sustainable and economically viable energy storage pathway, capable of reducing energy costs while ensuring long-term resilience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Utilization)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

30 pages, 1975 KB  
Review
Thermo-Fluid Dynamics Modelling of Liquid Hydrogen Storage and Transfer Processes
by Lucas M. Claussner, Giordano Emrys Scarponi and Federico Ustolin
Hydrogen 2025, 6(4), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen6040122 - 17 Dec 2025
Viewed by 1549
Abstract
The use of liquid hydrogen (LH2) as an energy carrier is gaining traction across sectors such as aerospace, maritime, and large-scale energy storage due to its high gravimetric energy density and low environmental impact. However, the cryogenic nature of LH2 [...] Read more.
The use of liquid hydrogen (LH2) as an energy carrier is gaining traction across sectors such as aerospace, maritime, and large-scale energy storage due to its high gravimetric energy density and low environmental impact. However, the cryogenic nature of LH2, with storage temperatures near 20 K, poses significant thermodynamic and safety challenges. This review consolidates the current state of modelling approaches used to simulate LH2 behaviour during storage and transfer operations, with a focus on improving operational efficiency and safety. The review categorizes the literature into two primary domains: (1) thermodynamic behaviour within storage tanks and (2) multi-phase flow dynamics in storage and transfer systems. Within these domains, it covers a variety of phenomena. Particular attention is given to the role of heat ingress in driving self-pressurization and boil-off gas (BoG) formation, which significantly influence storage performance and safety mechanisms. Eighty-one studies published over six decades were analyzed, encompassing a diverse range of modelling approaches. The reviewed literature revealed significant methodological variety, including general analytical models, lumped-parameter models (0D/1D), empirical and semi-empirical models, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models (2D/3D), machine learning (ML) and artificial neural network (ANN) models, and numerical multidisciplinary simulation models. The review evaluates the validation status of each model and identifies persistent research gaps. By mapping current modelling efforts and their limitations, this review highlights opportunities for enhancing the accuracy and applicability of LH2 simulations. Improved modelling tools are essential to support the design of inherently safe, reliable, and efficient hydrogen infrastructure in a decarbonized energy landscape. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Utilization)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 927 KB  
Review
Multilevel Mechanisms of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Enhancing Dark Fermentative Hydrogen Production: From Pure to Mixed Cultures
by Junwei Yan and Zhangzhang Xie
Hydrogen 2025, 6(4), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen6040120 - 14 Dec 2025
Viewed by 848
Abstract
Dark fermentative hydrogen production is constrained by challenges including low hydrogen yield and operational instability. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have emerged as promising additives for enhancing biohydrogen production due to their unique physicochemical characteristics, such as high specific surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and [...] Read more.
Dark fermentative hydrogen production is constrained by challenges including low hydrogen yield and operational instability. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have emerged as promising additives for enhancing biohydrogen production due to their unique physicochemical characteristics, such as high specific surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and inherent magnetic recyclability. This review systematically compares the enhancement mechanisms of MNPs in two distinct microbial systems: pure cultures and mixed cultures. In pure cultures, MNPs function primarily at the cellular and molecular levels through the following: (1) serving as sustained-release sources of essential metallic cofactors like Fe and Ni to promote hydrogenase synthesis and activation; (2) acting as efficient electron carriers that facilitate intracellular and extracellular electron transfer; and (3) redirecting central carbon metabolism toward high-hydrogen-yield acetate-type fermentation. In mixed cultures, which are more representative of practical applications, MNPs operate at the ecological level through the following: (1) modifying microenvironmental niches to exert selective pressure that enriches hydrogen-producing bacteria, such as Clostridium; (2) forming conductive networks that promote direct interspecies electron transfer and strengthen syntrophic metabolism; and (3) enhancing system robustness via toxin adsorption and pH buffering. Despite promising phenomenological improvements, critical knowledge gaps remain, including unclear structure–activity relationships of MNPs, insufficient quantification of electron transfer pathways, unknown genetic regulatory mechanisms, and overlooked magnetobiological effects. Future research should integrate electrochemical monitoring, multi-omics analyses, and advanced characterization techniques to deepen the mechanistic understanding of nanomaterial–microbe interactions. This review aims to provide theoretical insights and practical strategies for developing efficient and sustainable MNP–microorganism hybrid systems for scalable biohydrogen production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Utilization)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2076 KB  
Review
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells for Aircraft Applications: A Comprehensive Review of Key Challenges and Development Trends
by Xinfeng Zhang, Han Yue, Hui Zheng, Lixing Tan, Zhiming Zhang and Feng Li
Hydrogen 2025, 6(4), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen6040116 - 9 Dec 2025
Viewed by 2047
Abstract
Hydrogen energy is a pivotal alternative to lithium-ion batteries for low-altitude aircraft, offering a pathway to sustainable aviation with its zero emissions and high energy density. Nevertheless, its broader application is hindered by challenges in storage, safety, and performance under extreme conditions such [...] Read more.
Hydrogen energy is a pivotal alternative to lithium-ion batteries for low-altitude aircraft, offering a pathway to sustainable aviation with its zero emissions and high energy density. Nevertheless, its broader application is hindered by challenges in storage, safety, and performance under extreme conditions such as low pressure and low temperature at high altitudes. This paper systematically evaluates various hydrogen power technologies—including water-cooled and air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) as well as hydrogen turbines—highlighting their respective advantages, limitations, and suitability for different aircraft types. Among these, water-cooled PEMFCs are identified as the most viable option for manned low-altitude aircraft due to their balanced performance in power density and startup capability. In contrast, air-cooled PEMFCs demonstrate distinct cost-effectiveness for lightweight drones, while hydrogen turbines show promise for long-range regional transport. Furthermore, we analyze current progress in integrating PEMFCs into aircraft platforms and discuss persistent challenges in system compatibility and environmental adaptation. Finally, potential future development directions for PEMFC applications in low-altitude aviation are outlined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Utilization)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

33 pages, 4369 KB  
Review
Fuel-Cell Thermal Management Strategies for Enhanced Performance: Review of Fuel-Cell Thermal Management in Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) and Solid-Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
by Ibham Veza
Hydrogen 2025, 6(3), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen6030065 - 4 Sep 2025
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5421
Abstract
Effective thermal management is crucial for optimizing the performance, efficiency, and durability of fuel-cell technologies, including proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The operation of fuel cells involves complex heat generation mechanisms, primarily driven by electrochemical reactions, which can [...] Read more.
Effective thermal management is crucial for optimizing the performance, efficiency, and durability of fuel-cell technologies, including proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The operation of fuel cells involves complex heat generation mechanisms, primarily driven by electrochemical reactions, which can lead to significant energy loss as heat. This review examines the specific heat generation sources and challenges associated with different fuel-cell types, highlighting the critical importance of effective thermal management strategies. Key techniques for thermal regulation, including active and passive cooling systems, are examined in detail. Active cooling methods like liquid cooling and air cooling are effective in dissipating excess heat, while passive methods leverage advanced materials and optimized designs to enhance natural heat dissipation. Furthermore, innovative heat recovery systems are explored, demonstrating their potential to enhance overall energy efficiency by capturing and repurposing waste heat. The integration of machine learning techniques has arisen as a promising avenue for advancing temperature control in fuel cells. Reinforcement learning, deep learning algorithms, and support vector machines, along with artificial neural networks, are discussed in the context of their application in managing temperature dynamics and optimizing thermal performance. The review also emphasizes the significance of real-time monitoring, as well as adaptive control strategies to respond effectively to the dynamic operating conditions of fuel cells. Understanding and applying these thermal management strategies is essential for the successful commercialization of fuel cells across various sectors, ranging from automotive to stationary power generation. With the growing demand for clean energy solutions, progress in thermal management techniques will be crucial in improving the dependability and practicality of fuel-cell systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Utilization)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 3940 KB  
Review
Hydrogen-Enabled Power Systems: Technologies’ Options Overview and Effect on the Balance of Plant
by Furat Dawood, GM Shafiullah and Martin Anda
Hydrogen 2025, 6(3), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen6030057 - 13 Aug 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4891
Abstract
Hydrogen-based Power Systems (H2PSs) are gaining accelerating momentum globally to reduce energy costs and dependency on fossil fuels. A H2PS typically comprises three main parts: hydrogen production, storage, and power generation, called packages. A review of the literature and Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) [...] Read more.
Hydrogen-based Power Systems (H2PSs) are gaining accelerating momentum globally to reduce energy costs and dependency on fossil fuels. A H2PS typically comprises three main parts: hydrogen production, storage, and power generation, called packages. A review of the literature and Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) datasheets reveals that no single manufacturer supplies all H2PS components, posing significant challenges in system design, parts integration, and safety assurance. Additionally, both the literature and H2PS projects’ database highlight a gap in a systematic hydrogen equipment and auxiliary sub-systems technology selection process, and how this selection affects the overall H2PS Balance of Plant (BoP). This study addresses that gap by providing a guideline for available technology options and their impact on the H2PS-BoP. The analysis compares packages and auxiliary sub-system technologies to support informed engineering decisions regarding technology and equipment selection. The study finds that each package’s technology influences the selection criteria of the other packages and the associated BoP requirements. Furthermore, the choice of technologies across packages significantly affects overall system integrity and BoP. These interdependencies are illustrated using a cause-and-effect matrix. The study’s significance lies in establishing a structured guideline for engineering design and operations, enhancing the accuracy of feasibility studies, and accelerating the global implementation of H2PS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Utilization)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
 
Displaying articles 1-12
Back to TopTop