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Hydrology
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Advances in Catchments Hydrology and Sediment Dynamics
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Advances in Catchments Hydrology and Sediment Dynamics

A special issue of Hydrology (ISSN 2306-5338). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydrological and Hydrodynamic Processes and Modelling".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 March 2024) | Viewed by 9343

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Konstantinos Kaffas

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Guest Editor
Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50145 Florence, Italy
Interests: catchment hydrology; soil moisture response; soil erosion; sediment transport; reservoir sedimentation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Giuseppe Roberto Pisaturo

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
Interests: ecohydraulics; sediment transport; fluid dynamics; sediment dynamics; hydropower
Prof. Dr. Vlassios Hrissanthou

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Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, Greece
Interests: rainfall-runoff; soil erosion; sediment transport; reservoir sedimentation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In a time where matters pertaining to water demand/scarcity, flood control, land degradation and sedimentation in streams and reservoirs grow into first-line priorities for catchment managers and stakeholders, understanding the hydrological processes and sediment dynamics is more relevant than ever. In recent years, water and sediment cycles have been subjected to stresses such as extreme storms or drought or fluctuations in the flow regime; hence, any advancements in hydrology, flow, and sediment dynamics are crucial.

A range of techniques, including modeling, remote sensing, field measurements, and experimental methods, are currently used in relevant studies. These techniques lead to simulations, data monitoring and analysis, or empirical observations.

The aim of this issue is to investigate the hydrological processes in surfaces or groundwater, as well as the soil erosion and/or stream sediment transport processes at any temporal or spatial scale throughout a catchment, including experimental plots. Studies on the entire chain of the aforementioned processes, or on single parts of the chain, are equally welcomed.

Dr. Konstantinos Kaffas
Dr. Giuseppe Roberto Pisaturo
Prof. Dr. Vlassios Hrissanthou
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Hydrology is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • streamflow discharge
  • soil erosion
  • sediment transport
  • surface runoff
  • modeling
  • groundwater
  • measurements
  • sedimentation
  • catchment

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 5340 KiB  
Article
Measurement and Calculation of Sediment Transport on an Ephemeral Stream
by Loukas Avgeris, Konstantinos Kaffas and Vlassios Hrissanthou
Hydrology 2024, 11(7), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11070096 - 30 Jun 2024
Viewed by 847
Abstract
Sediment transport remains a significant challenge for researchers due to the intricate nature of the physical processes involved and the diverse characteristics of watercourses worldwide. A type of watercourse that is of particular interest for study is the ephemeral streams, found primarily in [...] Read more.
Sediment transport remains a significant challenge for researchers due to the intricate nature of the physical processes involved and the diverse characteristics of watercourses worldwide. A type of watercourse that is of particular interest for study is the ephemeral streams, found primarily in semiarid and arid regions. Due to their unique nature, a new measurement algorithm was created and a modified bed load sampler was built. Measurement of the bed load transport rate and calculation of the water discharge were conducted in an ephemeral stream in Northeastern Greece, where the mean calculated streamflow rate ranged from 0.019 to 0.314 m3/s, and the measured sediment load transport rates per unit width varied from 0.00001 to 0.00213 kg/m/s. The sediment concentration was determined through various methods, including nonlinear regression equations and formulas developed by Yang, with the coefficients of these formulas calibrated accordingly. The results demonstrated that the equations derived from Yang’s multiple regression analysis offered a superior fit compared to the original equations. As a result, two modified versions of Yang’s stream sediment transport formulas were developed and are presented to the readership. To assess the accuracy of the modified formulas, a comparison was conducted between the calculated total sediment concentrations and the measured total sediment concentrations based on various statistical criteria. The analysis shows that none of Yang’s original formulas fit the available data well, but after optimization, both modified formulas can be applied to the specific ephemeral stream. The results indicate also that the formulas derived from the nonlinear regression can be successfully used for the determination of the total sediment concentration in the ephemeral stream and have a better fit compared to Yang’s formulas. The correlation from the nonlinear regression equations suggests that total sediment transport is primarily influenced by water discharge and rainfall intensity, with the latter showing a high correlation coefficient of 0.998. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Catchments Hydrology and Sediment Dynamics)
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35 pages, 3112 KiB  
Article
Land-Use–Land Cover Changes in the Urban River’s Buffer Zone and Variability of Discharge, Water, and Sediment Quality—A Case of Urban Catchment of the Ngerengere River in Tanzania
by Silaji S. Mbonaga, Amina A. Hamad and Stelyus L. Mkoma
Hydrology 2024, 11(6), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11060078 - 31 May 2024
Viewed by 1084
Abstract
The physical integrity of the Ngerengere River and its three tributaries drains within Morogoro Municipality were evaluated by assessing the variations in land-use–land cover (LULC) in the river’s buffer zone, the discharge, and the contamination of river water and sediment from nutrients and [...] Read more.
The physical integrity of the Ngerengere River and its three tributaries drains within Morogoro Municipality were evaluated by assessing the variations in land-use–land cover (LULC) in the river’s buffer zone, the discharge, and the contamination of river water and sediment from nutrients and heavy metals. Integrated geospatial techniques were used to classify the LULC in the river’s buffer zone. In contrast, the velocity area method and monitoring data from the Wami-Ruvu Basin were used for the discharge measurements. Furthermore, atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used during the laboratory analysis to determine the level of nutrients and heavy metals in the water and river sediment across the 13 sampling locations. The LULC assessment in the river’s buffer during the sampling year of 2023 showed that bare land and built-up areas dominate the river’s buffer, with a coverage of 28% and 38% of the area distribution. The higher discharge across the sampling stations was in the upstream reaches at 3.73 m3/s and 2.36 m3/s at the confluences. The highest concentrations of heavy metals in the water for the dry and wet seasons were 0.09 ± 0.01, 0.25 ± 0.01, 0.03 ± 0.02, 0.73 ± 0.04, 4.07 ± 0.08, and 3.07 ± 0.04 mg/L, respectively, for Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni. The order of magnitude of the heavy metal concentration in the sediments was Zn > Ni > Cr > Cu > Cd > Pb, while the highest NO2−, NO3−, NH3, and PO43− in the water and sediment were 2.05 ± 0.01, 0.394 ± 0.527, 0.66 ± 0.05, and 0.63 ± 0.01 mg/L, and 2.64 ± 0.03, 0.63 ± 0.01, 2.36 ± 0.01, and 48.16 ± 0.01 mg/kg, respectively, across all sampling seasons. This study highlights the significant impact of urbanization on river integrity, revealing elevated levels of heavy metal contamination in both water and sediment, the variability of discharge, and alterations in the LULC in the rivers’ buffer. This study recommends the continuous monitoring of the river water quality and quantity of the urban rivers, and the overall land-use plans for conserving river ecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Catchments Hydrology and Sediment Dynamics)
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21 pages, 6155 KiB  
Article
Effects of Cascading Dams on Streamflow within the Downstream Areas of the Rufiji River Basin in Tanzania
by Samson Stephen Mwitalemi, Sameh Ahmed Kantoush and Binh Quang Nguyen
Hydrology 2024, 11(5), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11050069 - 13 May 2024
Viewed by 1457
Abstract
Despite their popularity, the construction and operation of hydropower reservoirs pose challenges to water resources. This study investigated the impacts of cascading dams on streamflow in Tanzania’s Rufiji River Basin. The SWAT model was developed to represent the entire Rufiji River Basin. The [...] Read more.
Despite their popularity, the construction and operation of hydropower reservoirs pose challenges to water resources. This study investigated the impacts of cascading dams on streamflow in Tanzania’s Rufiji River Basin. The SWAT model was developed to represent the entire Rufiji River Basin. The model simulated the streamflow for 41 years, from 1982 to 2022, and developed two main scenarios: with-dam and without-dam. To capture the influence of all dams, the results were emphasized from 2000 to 2022, when all three dams were operating. Calibration and validation were applied at the Rufiji-Stiegler and Kilombero-Swero stations with good performance. The results show that cascading dams annually decrease the streamflow by 1% at Rufiji-Stiegler station. In contrast, individually, the Mtera Dam displayed a 5% decrease while the Kidatu and Kihansi Dams exerted a 1% increase on the annual streamflow downstream at Rufiji-Stiegler. During 2000–2022, the Rufiji River Basin showed an annual reduction in streamflow contribution of 104.97 m3/s. Therefore, the reservoir’s operation significantly impacts the downstream streamflow. The findings are expected to guide policymakers, water resource managers, and environmentalists in mitigating potential adverse effects while optimizing the benefits of hydropower generation and water regulation within the region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Catchments Hydrology and Sediment Dynamics)
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14 pages, 12805 KiB  
Article
Scour Reduction around Bridge Pier Using the Airfoil-Shaped Collar
by Lav Kumar Gupta, Manish Pandey, P. Anand Raj and Jaan H. Pu
Hydrology 2023, 10(4), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10040077 - 30 Mar 2023
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2668
Abstract
Scouring around the bridge pier is a natural and complex phenomenon that results in bridge failure. Failure of bridges have potential devastation and public safety and economic loss, which lead to political consequences and environmental impacts. Therefore, it is essential to countermeasure the [...] Read more.
Scouring around the bridge pier is a natural and complex phenomenon that results in bridge failure. Failure of bridges have potential devastation and public safety and economic loss, which lead to political consequences and environmental impacts. Therefore, it is essential to countermeasure the scour around the bridge pier. This paper studies the effects of four different airfoil-shaped collars (i.e., bc1 = 1.5b, bc2 = 2.0b, bc3 = 2.5b and bc4 = 3.0b, where bc and b are the diameter of the airfoil-shaped collar and pier, respectively) as a scour countermeasure. All the experiments are conducted under clear water conditions with uniform sediment and a constant water depth (y) of 10 cm. Airfoil-shaped collar is placed at four elevations, i.e., bed level, y/4, y/2 and 3y/4 above the sediment bed level. It is observed that the maximum percentages of scour reduction of 86, 100 and 100% occurred due to protection provided by the collar bc2, bc3 and bc4, respectively, at sediment bed level. So, collars bc2, bc3 and bc4 are efficient at the sediment bed level. The profiles of scour hole show that the length of the transverse scour hole is greater than that of the longitudinal one. Numerical investigation of the morphological changes in sediment bed and scour depth contours is developed using the FLOW-3D for the pier with and without the airfoil-shaped collar. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Catchments Hydrology and Sediment Dynamics)
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13 pages, 1184 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Effect of Spatial Variation in Soils on Sediment Loads in Yazoo River Watershed
by Vivek Venishetty, Prem B. Parajuli and Filip To
Hydrology 2023, 10(3), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10030062 - 2 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2297
Abstract
Sediment deposition in river channels from various topographic conditions has been one of the major contributors to water quality impairment through non-point sources. Soil is one of the key components in sediment loadings, during runoff. Yazoo River Watershed (YRW) is the largest watershed [...] Read more.
Sediment deposition in river channels from various topographic conditions has been one of the major contributors to water quality impairment through non-point sources. Soil is one of the key components in sediment loadings, during runoff. Yazoo River Watershed (YRW) is the largest watershed in Mississippi. Topography in the watershed has been classified into two types based on land-use and slope conditions: Delta region with a slope ranging from 0% to 3% and Bluff hills with a slope exceeding 10%. YRW spans over 50,000 km2; the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to estimate soil-specific sediment loss in the watershed. Soil predominance was based on spatial coverage; a total of 14 soil types were identified, and the sediment contributed by those soils was quantified. The SWAT model was calibrated and validated for streamflow, sediment, Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), and Crop yield for soybeans. Model performance was evaluated using the Coefficient of determination (R2), Nash and Sutcliffe Efficiency index (NSE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The performance was good for streamflow, ranging between 0.34 and 0.83, and 0.33 and 0.81, for both R2 and NSE, respectively. Model performance for sediment and nutrient was low-satisfactory as R2 and NSE ranged between 0.14 and 0.40, and 0.14 and 0.35, respectively. In the case of crop yield, model performance was satisfactory during calibration and good for validation with an R2 of 0.56 and 0.76 and with a MAPE of 11.21% and 10.79%, respectively. Throughout YRW, soil type Smithdale predicted the highest sediment loads with 115.45 tons/ha/year. Sediment loss in agricultural fields with a soybean crop was also analyzed, where soil type Alligator predicted the highest with 8.37 tons/ha/year. Results from this study demonstrate a novel addition to the scientific community in understanding sediment loads based on soil types, which can help stakeholders in decision-making toward soil conservation and improving the environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Catchments Hydrology and Sediment Dynamics)
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