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Insights into Paediatric Foot Conditions and Foot Health Education
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Insights into Paediatric Foot Conditions and Foot Health Education

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Disease Prevention".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 13723

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Angela Evans

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Plenty Road, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
Interests: foot posture; gait; child health; ankle biomechanics; evidence in practice
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Gabriel Gijón-Noguerón

E-Mail Website
Assistant Guest Editor
Department Nursing and Podiatry, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, 29100 Spain
Interests: foot and ankle pathology; sports injuries; rheumatic diseases; badminton; pediatric podiatry; application of VR in teaching and clinical practice
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Alfonso Martínez-Nova

E-Mail Website
Assistant Guest Editor
Nursing Department, University Center of Plasencia, University of Extremadura, 10600 Plasencia, Spain
Interests: foot and ankle pathology; sports injuries; rheumatic diseases; rheumatic diseases; foot surgery; thermography
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are delighted to be the Guest Editors of this Special Issue of the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). The overarching title for this issue is “Insights into Paediatric Foot Conditions and Foot Health Education”. As can be inferred from the title, we are eager to attract manuscripts which address both paediatric foot conditions and the importance of foot health education for community health.

The aetiology and prevalence of paediatric foot conditions, pathognomonic diagnostic signs, the natural history of these conditions, as well as clinical trials, and evidence-based treatment reviews, can all be relevant. So too will clinical and objective use of parameters including gait and function, pain, quality of life, and implications for footwear selection and use.

Conditions pertinent to sports and physical activity, children with predisposition to foot and lower limb pain, children with particular genetic related foot types, and conditions which delay or disrupt motor development will be a pertinent inclusion for this Special Issue.

Given that ‘paediatric’ encompasses children from birth to teens, age-related conditions and clinical presentations may also be discrete. Paediatric foot posture and method of assessment have been a recurring topic in the literature yet in isolation may have limited application and require clear parent and child education.

We will accept manuscripts from different disciplines, both original research and reviews. Papers dealing with new approaches to paediatric foot and interventions studies are also welcome. Other manuscript types accepted include methodological papers, brief reports, and commentaries.

Listed are examples of topics that could be addressed in this Special Issue:

  1. Congenital talipes equino varus—the clubfoot in 2022
  2. Footwear implications for Trisomy 21 (other conditions)
  3. Relaxing about paediatric flatfoot—and knowing when to react
  4. Children aged 18 months and not walking—what to consider?
  5. Plantar verrucae diagnosis and treatment
  6. Gait and JIA
  7. Foot conditions in active children, and different sports
  8. Foot pain
  9. Climate change, children, and podiatry practice
  10. Footwear for children—fitting, wearing, and recycling
  11. What do new parents need to know about their child’s feet?
  12. When to use medical imaging
  13. Developing gait patterns
  14. PROMS in children
  15. Physical activity—how many steps/day for children to be healthy?
  16. Ingrown nails—when to do what

Dr. Angela Evans
Prof. Dr. Gabriel Gijón-Noguerón
Prof. Dr. Alfonso Martínez-Nova
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • paediatric
  • foot
  • gait
  • footwear
  • children
  • walking

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 777 KiB  
Article
Treating Older Children with Clubfoot: Results of a Cross-Sectional Survey of Expert Practitioners
by Grace Drury, Timothy R. Nunn, Firaol Dandena, Tracey Smythe and Christopher B. D. Lavy
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(19), 6846; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20196846 - 27 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2302
Abstract
Treating clubfoot in walking-age children is debated, despite studies showing that using the Ponseti casting principles can correct the midfoot effectively. We aimed to explore techniques and approaches for the management of older children with clubfoot and identify consensus areas. A mixed-methods cross-sectional [...] Read more.
Treating clubfoot in walking-age children is debated, despite studies showing that using the Ponseti casting principles can correct the midfoot effectively. We aimed to explore techniques and approaches for the management of older children with clubfoot and identify consensus areas. A mixed-methods cross-sectional electronic survey on delayed-presenting clubfoot (DPC) was sent to 88 clubfoot practitioners (response rate 56.8%). We collected data on decision-making, casting, imaging, orthotics, surgery, recurrence, rehabilitation, multidisciplinary care, and contextual factors. The quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The qualitative data were analysed using conventional content analysis. Many respondents reported using the Pirani score and some used the PAVER score to aid deformity severity assessment and correctability. Respondents consistently applied the Ponseti casting principles with a stepwise approach. Respondents reported economic, social, and other contextual factors that influenced the timing of the treatment, the decision to treat a bilateral deformity simultaneously, and casting intervals. Differences were seen around orthotic usage and surgical approaches, such as the use of tibialis anterior tendon transfer following full correction. In summary, the survey identified consensus areas in the overall principles of management for older children with clubfoot and the implementation of the Ponseti principles. The results indicate these principles are well recognised as a multidisciplinary approach for older children with clubfoot and can be adapted well for different geographical and healthcare contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Paediatric Foot Conditions and Foot Health Education)
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14 pages, 1150 KiB  
Article
Physical Examination Tool for Swollen and Tender Lower Limb Joints in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Pilot Diagnostic Accuracy Study
by Antoni Fellas, Davinder Singh-Grewal, Jeffrey Chaitow, Denise Warner, Ella Onikul, Derek Santos, Matthew Clapham and Andrea Coda
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(8), 4517; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084517 - 8 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1701
Abstract
Background: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common rheumatic disease in children, with lower limb involvement highly prevalent. Recent evidence has highlighted the lack of specific lower limb physical examination (PE) tools for clinicians assisting the paediatric rheumatology team in identifying lower [...] Read more.
Background: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common rheumatic disease in children, with lower limb involvement highly prevalent. Recent evidence has highlighted the lack of specific lower limb physical examination (PE) tools for clinicians assisting the paediatric rheumatology team in identifying lower extremity disease in patients with JIA. Early clinical detection may lead to more prompt and targeted interventions to reduce lower limb problems in children with JIA. The aim of this pilot study is to provide preliminary data on the diagnostic accuracy of a lower limb PE tool in JIA. Methods: Children with JIA requiring magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on their lower limb joints per their usual care were eligible. Lower limb joint counts were conducted clinically by a podiatrist and paediatric rheumatologist using the proposed twenty joint per side, PE tool. The PE were compared to MRI assessments completed by two independent paediatric radiologists. Data were analysed using agreement (observed, positive and negative) and Cohen’s kappa with 95% CIs. Results: Fifteen participants were recruited into the study in which 600 lower limb joints were clinically examined. Statistical analysis showed excellent inter-rater reliability between podiatrist and paediatric rheumatologist for both joint swelling and tenderness. Results of the intra-rater reliability of the podiatrist using the PE tool indicated excellent percentage agreements (98.5–100%) and substantial kappa coefficients (0.93–1). The inter-rater reliability between radiological assessments contrasted the PE results, showing low agreement and poor reliability. Comparisons between PE and MRI resulted in poor kappa coefficients and low agreement percentages. The most agreeable joint between MRI and PE was the ankle joint, while the worst performing joint was the sub-talar joint. Conclusion: Results indicate potential clinical reliability; however, the validity and diagnostic accuracy of the proposed PE tool remains unclear due to low kappa coefficients and inconsistent agreements between PE and MRI results. Further research will be required before the tool may be used in a clinical setting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Paediatric Foot Conditions and Foot Health Education)
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Review

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8 pages, 1307 KiB  
Review
Paediatric Cutaneous Warts and Verrucae: An Update
by Ivan Bristow
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(24), 16400; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416400 - 7 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5194
Abstract
Cutaneous warts are common lesions in children caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and for most lesions spontaneously resolve within months of the initial infection, regardless of treatment. The infection is most prevalent in the second decade of life affecting over 40% [...] Read more.
Cutaneous warts are common lesions in children caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and for most lesions spontaneously resolve within months of the initial infection, regardless of treatment. The infection is most prevalent in the second decade of life affecting over 40% of children. Studies have demonstrated wart virus carriage on normal skin is higher in children with active lesions and family members. Subtypes HPV 2, HPV 27, HPV 57 and HPV 63 are particularly common in paediatric populations. Warts arising on the plantar surface of the foot (verrucae) can be particularly problematic owing to the location. They may interfere with daily activities causing pain and embarrassment. Plantar lesions have been shown to be more resistant to treatment than warts elsewhere on the skin. Systematic reviews and studies conducted over the last decade have demonstrated little evidence of innovation or effective improvements in treatment of recalcitrant lesions over the last 30 years. However, newer modalities such as immunotherapy (using injected vaccines) and hyperthermia using microwave treatment may hold promise in improving the treatment of these common and therapeutically frustrating lesions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Paediatric Foot Conditions and Foot Health Education)
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Other

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7 pages, 1104 KiB  
Study Protocol
Quantification of Procedure Time and Infant Distress Produced (as Crying) When Percutaneous Achilles Tenotomy Is Performed under Topical Local Anaesthesia: A Preliminary Study
by Marta Vinyals Rodriguez, Anna Ey Batlle, Iolanda Jordan and Paula Míguez González
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 13842; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113842 - 25 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1220
Abstract
Introduction: Percutaneous tenotomy of the Achilles tendon is part of the clubfoot management procedure known as the Ponseti method and is necessary for most infants requiring this treatment. However, the need to apply general anaesthesia or sedation during this procedure remains controversial. To [...] Read more.
Introduction: Percutaneous tenotomy of the Achilles tendon is part of the clubfoot management procedure known as the Ponseti method and is necessary for most infants requiring this treatment. However, the need to apply general anaesthesia or sedation during this procedure remains controversial. To our knowledge, no previous studies have been conducted to quantify infant distress, expressed as crying, when tenotomy is performed under local anaesthesia. Material and Methods: This clinical, prospective, cross-sectional, and observational study was composed of infants subjected to percutaneous Achilles tenotomy with local anaesthesia at an outpatient clinic. The degree of distress was measured using two smartphone apps (voice recorder and timer) in two iPhones, with each apparatus placed one meter from the baby. The following parameters were determined: procedure duration, crying duration, average crying intensity and maximum crying intensity. In addition, the following data were obtained: age, complications (if any) and the caregiver’s satisfaction with the process. Results: Among the 85 infants submitted to percutaneous tenotomy, the mean age was 1.95 (+/−1.632) months (ranging from 0 to 7 months), the mean duration of the procedure was 8.134 (+/−5.97) seconds, (range 2.1 to 33.5 s), the infants’ mean crying intensity was 88.99 dB and the maximum crying intensity was 96.56 dB. No vascular or anaesthetic-related complications were recorded. 96% of the caregivers were absolutely satisfied with the process. Conclusions: Percutaneous Achilles tenotomy performed under local anaesthesia can safely be performed at the outpatient clinic. The procedure is fast and the crying time and intensity (mean values: 84 s and 89 dB, respectively) are minimal and tolerable. Knowledge of these parameters provides more accurate knowledge about the procedure. The caregivers consulted were absolutely satisfied with the tenotomy performed under local anaesthesia. In future studies, these parameters can be used for comparison with related surgical approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Paediatric Foot Conditions and Foot Health Education)
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8 pages, 1651 KiB  
Protocol
Evaluation of the Relationship between Lower Limb Hypermobility and Ankle Muscle Strength in a Paediatric Population: Protocol for a Cross Sectional Study
by Carlos Martínez-Sebastián, Cristina Molina-García, Laura Ramos-Petersen, Gabriel Gijón-Noguerón and Angela Margaret Evans
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(12), 7264; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127264 - 14 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2059
Abstract
The methodological heterogeneity in paediatric foot studies does not entail a stable foundation on which to focus the diagnosis and treatment of the various childhood foot problems. For this reason, the use of highly reliable tests is essential to find relationships and to [...] Read more.
The methodological heterogeneity in paediatric foot studies does not entail a stable foundation on which to focus the diagnosis and treatment of the various childhood foot problems. For this reason, the use of highly reliable tests is essential to find relationships and to establish a basis to guide the following studies. The main objective proposed in this cross-sectional observational study protocol is to examine the relationship between hypermobility (Lower Limb Assessment Score and Beighton score) and ankle muscle strength in different types of feet. The second objective is to describe the relationship between physical activity tests in children, and to compare with foot type and ankle muscle strength. The Strengthening Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) criteria will be followed. The hypermobility, posture, strength and physical condition tests will be analyzed through three stations, each one directed by a single specialist in paediatric podiatry. The study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia CE112104. The results will be disseminated regardless of the magnitude or direction of effect. Intra-examiner and inter-examiner reliability will be analyzed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Paediatric Foot Conditions and Foot Health Education)
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