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Drivers of Emerging West Nile Virus
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Drivers of Emerging West Nile Virus

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Infectious Disease Epidemiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2020) | Viewed by 7574

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Sylvie Lecollinet

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. UMR ASTRE CIRAD, INRAE, Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier, France
2. Centre for Research and Surveillance on Vector-Borne Diseases in the Caribbean, 97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
Interests: arboviruses; emergence; zoonosis; West Nile virus; animals; arthropods; host pathogenesis
Dr. Benoit Durand

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Laboratory for Animal Health, Head of the Epidemiology Unit. Maisons-Alfort, France
Interests: animal diseases; infectious disease epidemiology and modelling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Over the last two decades, the risk of the emergence of the West Nile virus (WNV) has been exemplified on several occasions and in geographically distant areas: the Mediterranean basin and Russia were first struck by large outbreaks of West Nile neuro-invasive disease (WNND), with a significant impact on human and animal public health at the end of the 1990s, the western hemisphere suffered from WNV introduction in 1999, and the rapid spread over most of its territory and more recent epidemic waves have been reported in Australia (2010), the US (2012) and Europe (2018). In the recent context favourable to WNV emergence, in which the host–vector–virus triad has been shaped by globalization, and rapid changes in climate, land use and agricultural practices, as well as by other environmental and ecological factors, it is of upmost importance to identify the drivers conditioning WNV transmission dynamics.

For this Special Issue, we invite the submission of manuscripts that explore the drivers of recent WNV emergence, including determinants contributing to enhanced pathogen virulence, vector or reservoir host survival, or evolutions in WNV epidemiology in enzootic areas. Future directions for the surveillance, prediction and control of WNV outbreaks may also be addressed.

Dr. Sylvie Lecollinet
Dr. Benoît Durand
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • West Nile virus
  • emergence
  • one health
  • ecology
  • climate change
  • land use
  • globalization
  • epidemiology

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 1101 KiB  
Article
Serological Evidence of West Nile and Usutu Viruses Circulation in Domestic and Wild Birds in Wetlands of Mali and Madagascar in 2008
by Véronique Chevalier, Maud Marsot, Sophie Molia, Harena Rasamoelina, René Rakotondravao, Miguel Pedrono, Steeve Lowenski, Benoit Durand, Sylvie Lecollinet and Cécile Beck
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(6), 1998; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061998 - 18 Mar 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3607
Abstract
The geographical distribution and impact on animal and human health of both West Nile and Usutu viruses, two flaviviruses of the Japanese encephalitis complex, have been increasing during the past two decades. Both viruses circulate in Europe and Africa within a natural cycle [...] Read more.
The geographical distribution and impact on animal and human health of both West Nile and Usutu viruses, two flaviviruses of the Japanese encephalitis complex, have been increasing during the past two decades. Both viruses circulate in Europe and Africa within a natural cycle between wild birds and mosquitoes, mainly from the Culex genus. We retrospectively analyzed sera from domestic and wild birds sampled in 2008 in two wetlands, namely the Inner Niger Delta, Mali, and the Lake Alaotra area, Madagascar. Sera were first tested using a commercial ID Screen West Nile Competition Multi-species ELISA kit. Then, positive sera and sera with insufficient volume for testing with ELISA were tested with a Microneutralization Test. In Mali, the observed seroprevalence in domestic birds was 28.5% [24.5; 32.8] 95%CI, 3.1 % [1.8; 5.2] 95%CI, 6.2% [3.4; 10.2] 95%CI and 9.8 % [7.3; 12.8] 95%CI, for West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV), undetermined flavivirus, and WNV/USUV respectively. Regarding domestic birds of Madagascar, the observed seroprevalence was 4.4 % [2.1; 7.9]95%CI for WNV, 0.9% [0.1; 3.1] 95%CI for USUV, 1.3% [0.5; 2.8] 95%CI for undetermined flavivirus, and null for WNV/USUV. Among the 150 wild birds sampled in Madagascar, two fulvous whistling-ducks (Dendrocygna bicolor) were positive for WNV and two for an undetermined flavivirus. One white-faced whistling-duck (Dendrocygna viduata) and one Hottentot teal (Spatula hottentota) were tested positive for USUV. African and European wetlands are linked by wild bird migrations. This first detection of USUV—as well as the confirmed circulation of WNV in domestic birds of two wetlands of Mali and Madagascar—emphasizes the need to improve the surveillance, knowledge of epidemiological patterns, and phylogenetic characteristics of flavivirus in Africa, particularly in areas prone to sustained, intense flavivirus transmission such as wetlands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drivers of Emerging West Nile Virus)
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24 pages, 2536 KiB  
Article
A 15 Year Evaluation of West Nile Virus in Wisconsin: Effects on Wildlife and Human Health
by Johnny A. Uelmen, Charles Brokopp and Jonathan Patz
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(5), 1767; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051767 - 9 Mar 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3537
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is the most important and widespread mosquito-borne virus in the United States (U.S.). WNV has the ability to spread rapidly and effectively, infecting more than 320 bird and mammalian species. An examination of environmental conditions and the health of [...] Read more.
West Nile virus (WNV) is the most important and widespread mosquito-borne virus in the United States (U.S.). WNV has the ability to spread rapidly and effectively, infecting more than 320 bird and mammalian species. An examination of environmental conditions and the health of keystone species may help predict the susceptibility of various habitats to WNV and reveal key risk factors, annual trends, and vulnerable regions. Since 2002, WNV outbreaks in Wisconsin varied by species, place, and time, significantly affected by unique climatic, environmental, and geographical factors. During a 15 year period, WNV was detected in 71 of 72 counties, resulting in 239 human and 1397 wildlife cases. Controlling for population and sampling efforts in Wisconsin, rates of WNV are highest in the western and northwestern rural regions of the state. WNV incidence rates were highest in counties with low human population densities, predominantly wetland, and at elevations greater than 1000 feet. Resources for surveillance, prevention, and detection of WNV were lowest in rural counties, likely resulting in underestimation of cases. Overall, increasing mean temperature and decreasing precipitation showed positive influence on WNV transmission in Wisconsin. This study incorporates the first statewide assessment of WNV in Wisconsin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drivers of Emerging West Nile Virus)
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