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Physiological Responses during Endurance Exercise
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Physiological Responses during Endurance Exercise

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Exercise and Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2023) | Viewed by 8916

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Nicolas Berger

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK
Interests: endurance performance; ultra-endurance; effects of training; sports nutrition strategies; running; cycling; triathlon; ergogenic aids
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Russ Best

E-Mail Website
Assistant Guest Editor
Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
Interests: environmental physiology; running; equestrian; sports nutrition; ultra-endurance; tastants; menthol
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The physiological responses to endurance exercise, optimal training techniques, sports nutrition, and equipment are continually being examined. Recently, there have been major advancements that have truly enhanced endurance performance. For example, the 2-hour barrier for the marathon was finally broken in October 2019 by Eluid Kipchoge, who covered the 42.195 km in 1 hour 59 minutes 40 seconds. In October of 2020, we witnessed two new world records for the 5000m and 10,000m (previously set in 2004 and 2005, respectively). The 5000m record was improved by 2 seconds from 12:37:35 to 12:35:36, and the 10,000m record was improved by an incredible 6.5 seconds, from 26:17:53 to 26:11:00 by Joshua Cheptegei. Training techniques, new nutrition products/strategies, and especially new designs and technologies in running shoes have all clearly contributed to these advancements. However, are these achievements due to careful planning and execution of training and nutrition, or are they more influenced by new technologies? Polarized training has been suggested as the most beneficial training distribution to enhance endurance performance, but experienced athletes and coaches appear to already have been practicing in this manner. New shoe designs however have been shown to improve running economy, and advances in aerodynamics have decreased the power output required in cycling events.

Conversely, although clearly popular, it has been repeatedly shown that high fat or ketogenic diets do not benefit endurance performance, and can in fact hamper performance by increasing the oxygen cost of exercise compared to a high carbohydrate diet. Optimal carbohydrate ingestion rates are now recommended to be 60 - 90g/hr, and several new carbohydrate solutions have been designed to try and accommodate these high rates, with even higher rates of consumption reported in competition.

 

This Special Issue will focus on scientific research related to the physiological responses during endurance exercise, and we invite papers examining:

  1. Training methods of endurance athletes
  2. Effect of equipment on physiological responses during exercise
  3. Nutritional strategies to enhance endurance training adaptations and performance
  4. Physiological responses and chronic adaptations due to endurance training
  5. Technologies used to assess physiological responses to endurance training

Dr. Nicolas Berger
Dr. Russ Best
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • determinants of endurance performance
  • exercise intensity domains
  • maximal oxygen uptake
  • exercise economy
  • effects of different types of training
  • sports nutrition
  • design and technology of sports equipment

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

8 pages, 4892 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of Warm-Up Effects on Maximal Aerobic Exercise Performance in Children
by Avery D. Faigenbaum, Jie Kang, Michael DiFiore, Caitlyn Finnerty, Andy Garcia, LeeAnn Cipriano, Jill A. Bush and Nicholas A. Ratamess
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 14122; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114122 - 29 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2641
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the warm-up effects of treadmill walking (TW) with a dynamic (DY) bodyweight warm-up on maximal aerobic exercise performance in children. Sixteen children (10.9 ± 1.5 vrs) were tested for peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to compare the warm-up effects of treadmill walking (TW) with a dynamic (DY) bodyweight warm-up on maximal aerobic exercise performance in children. Sixteen children (10.9 ± 1.5 vrs) were tested for peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) on 2 nonconsecutive days following different 6 min warm-up protocols. TW consisted of walking on a motor-driven treadmill at 2.2 mph and 0% grade whereas the DY warm-up consisted of 9 body weight movements including dynamic stretches, lunges, and jumps. Maximal heart rate was significantly higher following DY than TW (193.9 ± 6.2 vs. 191.6 ± 6.1 bpm, respectively; p = 0.008). VO2 peak (54.8 ± 9.6 vs. 51.8 ± 8.7 mL/kg/min; p = 0.09), maximal minute ventilation (68.9 ± 14.8 vs. 64.9 ± 9.4 L/min; p = 0.27), maximal respiratory exchange ratio (1.12 ± 0.1 vs. 1.11 ± 0.1; p = 0.85) and total exercise time (614.0 ± 77.1 vs. 605 ± 95.0 s; p = 0.55) did not differ significantly between DY and TM warm-ups, respectively. These findings indicate that the design of the warm-up protocol can influence the heart rate response to maximal aerobic exercise and has a tendency to influence VO2 peak. A DY warm-up could be a viable alternative to a TW warm-up prior to maximal exercise testing in children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological Responses during Endurance Exercise)
10 pages, 1252 KiB  
Article
Improved Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Parameters Are Not Correlated with VO2peak or Running Economy and Are Not Affected by Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Endurance Runners
by Zbigniew Jost, Maja Tomczyk, Maciej Chroboczek, Philip C. Calder and Radosław Laskowski
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 14043; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114043 - 28 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1814
Abstract
Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) is one of the most reliable parameters of exercise capacity; however, maximum effort is required to achieve this. Therefore, alternative, and repeatable submaximal parameters, such as running economy (RE), are needed. Thus, we evaluated the suitability of [...] Read more.
Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) is one of the most reliable parameters of exercise capacity; however, maximum effort is required to achieve this. Therefore, alternative, and repeatable submaximal parameters, such as running economy (RE), are needed. Thus, we evaluated the suitability of oxygen uptake efficiency (OUE), oxygen uptake efficiency plateau (OUEP) and oxygen uptake efficiency at the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (OUE@VAT) as alternatives for VO2peak and RE. Moreover, we evaluated how these parameters are affected by endurance training and supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids. A total of 26 amateur male runners completed a 12-week endurance program combined with omega-3 fatty acid supplementation or medium-chain triglycerides as a placebo. Before and after the intervention, the participants were subjected to a treadmill test to determine VO2peak, RE, OUE, OUEP and OUE@VAT. Blood was collected at the same timepoints to determine eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in erythrocytes. OUE correlated moderately or weakly with VO2peak (R2 = 0.338, p = 0.002) and (R2 = 0.226, p = 0.014) before and after the intervention, respectively. There was a weak or no correlation between OUEP, OUE@VAT, VO2peak and RE despite steeper OUE, increased OUEP and OUE@VAT values in all participants. OUE parameters cannot be treated as alternative parameters for VO2peak or RE and did not show changes following supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids in male amateur endurance runners. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological Responses during Endurance Exercise)
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16 pages, 1627 KiB  
Article
Consistency Is Key When Setting a New World Record for Running 10 Marathons in 10 Days
by Nicolas Berger, Daniel Cooley, Michael Graham, Claire Harrison, Georgia Campbell and Russ Best
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(22), 12066; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212066 - 17 Nov 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3258
Abstract
Background: We describe the requirements and physiological changes when running 10 consecutive marathons in 10 days at the same consistent pace by a female ultra-endurance athlete. Methods: Sharon Gayter (SG) 54 yrs, 162.5 cm, 49.3 kg maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) 53 [...] Read more.
Background: We describe the requirements and physiological changes when running 10 consecutive marathons in 10 days at the same consistent pace by a female ultra-endurance athlete. Methods: Sharon Gayter (SG) 54 yrs, 162.5 cm, 49.3 kg maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) 53 mL/kg−1/min−1. SG completed 42.195 km on a treadmill every day for 10 days. We measured heart rate (HR), Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), oxygen uptake (VO2), weight, body composition, blood parameters, nutrition, and hydration. Results: SG broke the previous record by ~2.5 h, with a cumulative completion time of 43 h 51 min 39 s. Over the 10 days, weight decreased from 51 kg to 48.4 kg, bodyfat mass from 9.1 kg to 7.2 kg (17.9% to 14.8%), and muscle mass from 23.2 kg to 22.8 kg. For all marathons combined, exercise intensity was ~60% VO2 max; VO2 1.6 ± 0.1 L.min−1/32.3 ± 1.1 mL.kg−1.min−1, RER 0.8 ± 0, HR 143 ± 4 b.min−1. Energy expenditure (EE) was 2030 ± 82 kcal/marathon, total EE for 10 days (including BMR) was 33,056 kcal, daily energy intake (EI) 2036 ± 418 kcal (20,356 kcal total), resulting an energy deficit (ED) of 12,700 kcal. Discussion: Performance and pacing were highly consistent across all 10 marathons without any substantial physiological decrements. Although overall EI did not match EE, leading to a significant ED, resulting in a 2.6 kg weight loss and decreases in bodyfat and skeletal muscle mass, this did not affect performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological Responses during Endurance Exercise)
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