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Exosomes and Extracellular Vesicles in Health and Diseases: 4th Edition

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Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
Interests: molecular mechanism in cancer; PI3K/Akt signaling; adaptive resistance to Akt inhibitors in prostate cancer; immunomodulatory properties of stem cells extracellular vesicle; neurodegenerative disorders
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues, 

The rising interest in exosomes as well as extracellular vesicles and their applications is reflected by the increasing amount of research on these topics.

These vesicles are naturally produced by any type of cell and play multiple roles in cell-to-cell communication in both healthy and diseased states. Because they carry different donor-derived cargos, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids, they induce network signals in recipient cells.

In particular, stem-cell-derived extracellular vesicles play roles in regenerative medicine and have the advantage of being a cell-free therapy; therefore, these vesicles are safer than those associated with the transplantation of live cells.

Furthermore, in recent years, exosomes and extracellular vesicles have emerged as promising biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of different diseases, but also as macromolecule delivery carriers in therapy to treat a wide spectrum of pathologies.

This Special Issue welcomes original research articles that broaden our knowledge of extracellular vesicles and exosomes in different fields of application, starting from the healthy state in order to comprehend the mechanisms of individual production and moving onto pathological conditions, such as tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, chronic and acute inflammatory states, etc.

Dr. Manuela Zavatti
Dr. Francesca Beretti
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • exosome
  • extracellular vesicles
  • network signals
  • biomarkers
  • pathological conditions

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Research

27 pages, 3006 KB  
Article
Apple-Derived Vesicles Orchestrate Bone Regeneration: In Vitro Proof of Concept
by Giulia Brunello, Ilaria Vitali, Luna Ardondi, Maria Pia Cavaleri, Lucia Sileo, Marta Degasperi, Francesca Zalunardo, Kathrin Becker, Beryl Schwarz-Herzke, Stefano Sivolella, Luca Lovatti, Letizia Ferroni and Barbara Zavan
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(6), 2719; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27062719 - 17 Mar 2026
Abstract
The immune microenvironment critically influences bone healing, particularly in the oral cavity where inflammation and microbial biofilms can compromise regeneration. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) offer a biocompatible means to modulate immune responses, and apple-derived extracellular vesicles (ADEVs) have shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, [...] Read more.
The immune microenvironment critically influences bone healing, particularly in the oral cavity where inflammation and microbial biofilms can compromise regeneration. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) offer a biocompatible means to modulate immune responses, and apple-derived extracellular vesicles (ADEVs) have shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, although their osteoregenerative potential remains unclear. Here, we investigate the indirect effects of ADEVs on bone regeneration by assessing how their immunomodulatory action on macrophages influences the osteogenic commitment of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). ADEVs were isolated, characterized, and applied to THP-1-derived macrophages to evaluate polarization via morphology and immunofluorescence for M1 (iNOS) and M2 (ARG1) markers. Then, the extracellular vesicles (EVs) from untreated and ADEV-treated macrophages were isolated and applied to DPSCs. All EVs were efficiently internalized by both macrophages and DPSCs. Treated macrophages shifted toward an M2-like phenotype, and macrophage-derived EVs (MDEVs) promoted stem cell morphological features consistent with osteogenic activation. These findings suggest that ADEVs promote osteoregeneration indirectly by influencing macrophage polarization and modifying the osteoactive cargo of MDEVs, thereby supporting their potential in cell-free, immunomodulatory approaches for oral bone regeneration. Full article
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