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Phenylketonuria (PKU): Molecular Advances in Pathophysiology and Therapies

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2024) | Viewed by 1103

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
1. Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
2. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
3. Instituto Universitario de Biología Molecular UAM (IUBM), Madrid, Spain
4. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
Interests: metabolic diseases; molecular biology; genetics; proteins; enzyme replacement therapy

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Guest Editor
Portuguese Association for Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG), Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
Interests: congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs)

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Phenylketonuria (PKU), a well-known inheritance disorder caused by the deficiency or absence of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), is an autosomal recessive disorder of phenylalanine metabolism, in which especially high phenylalanine concentrations cause neurological dysfunction. If it remains untreated, severe intellectual disability, epilepsy and behavioral problems arise. Early diagnosis is based on newborn screening, and if treatment is started early and continued neurocognitive function is preserved. Dietary restriction of phenylalanine has been the main treatment option for the last decades until new therapeutic options have arouse such as pharmacological (tetrahydrobiopterin), and enzyme therapy (pegylated phenylalanine ammonia lyase, PALYNZIQTM). Other are under development, such as mRNA and gene therapy. Even though PAH deficiency is the most common defect of amino acid metabolism, the pathophysiology of PKU is still not completely understood, and further research is required to improve therapeutic options.

This Special Issue aims to provide new insights into molecular advances of the pathophysiology of the metabolic disease Phenylketonuria and the insights into the therapeutic options and new approaches currently under clinical development.

In this Special Issue, original scientific research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but not limited to) the following: communications, case reports, letters, commentaries, editorials, etc.

We are pleased to invite you to contribute to this special issue and improve the knowledge of this paradigmatic disease.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Alejandra Gamez
Dr. Sandra Brasil
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • phenylketonuria
  • metabolic disease
  • rare disease
  • pharmacological chaperones
  • enzyme therapy
  • gene therapy
  • RNA therapy
  • DNAJ

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

21 pages, 3642 KiB  
Article
Transcriptome Profiling of Phenylalanine-Treated Human Neuronal Model: Spotlight on Neurite Impairment and Synaptic Connectivity
by Sara Stankovic, Andrijana Lazic, Marina Parezanovic, Milena Stevanovic, Sonja Pavlovic, Maja Stojiljkovic and Kristel Klaassen
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(18), 10019; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251810019 - 18 Sep 2024
Viewed by 682
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the most common inherited disorder of amino acid metabolism, characterized by high levels of phenylalanine (Phe) in the blood and brain, leading to cognitive impairment without treatment. Nevertheless, Phe-mediated brain dysfunction is not fully understood. The objective of this study [...] Read more.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the most common inherited disorder of amino acid metabolism, characterized by high levels of phenylalanine (Phe) in the blood and brain, leading to cognitive impairment without treatment. Nevertheless, Phe-mediated brain dysfunction is not fully understood. The objective of this study was to address gene expression alterations due to excessive Phe exposure in the human neuronal model and provide molecular advances in PKU pathophysiology. Hence, we performed NT2/D1 differentiation in culture, and, for the first time, we used Phe-treated NT2-derived neurons (NT2/N) as a novel model for Phe-mediated neuronal impairment. NT2/N were treated with 1.25 mM, 2.5 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, and 30 mM Phe and subjected to whole-mRNA short-read sequencing. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed and enrichment analysis was performed. Under three different Phe concentrations (2.5 mM, 5 mM, and 10 mM), DEGs pointed to the PREX1, LRP4, CDC42BPG, GPR50, PRMT8, RASGRF2, and CDH6 genes, placing them in the context of PKU for the first time. Enriched processes included dendrite and axon impairment, synaptic transmission, and membrane assembly. In contrast to these groups, the 30 mM Phe treatment group clearly represented the neurotoxicity of Phe, exhibiting enrichment in apoptotic pathways. In conclusion, we established NT2/N as a novel model for Phe-mediated neuronal dysfunction and outlined the Phe-induced gene expression changes resulting in neurite impairment and altered synaptic connectivity. Full article
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