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Immunology of Infection

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 October 2024 | Viewed by 1552

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Interests: sepsis; immunomodulation; infection; immunogenetics; clinical pharmacology; immunology in infectious diseases

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

According to the Sepsis-3 definition, sepsis is defined as a dysregulated host response to an infection. Immune response to an infection represents a dynamic and often dramatic trajectory ranging from initial hyperinflammation characterized primarily by disrupted endothelium, increased cytokine production, antigen presentation, and proinflammatory Th1, Th17 cells, respectively, to immunoparalysis characterized mainly by decreased cytokine production, endothelitis and increased anti-inflammatory Th2 and Treg cells.  Immune response for the majority of patients lies between these two spectrums. Countless immunological pathways with myriads molecular patterns, receptors and cytokines interactions have been investigated in an effort to unravel the mysteries of immune response to an infection. This orchestrated host-pathogen interaction often is not only specific to the type of pathogen (i.e., viral, fungal, bacterial) but even associated with the type of infection. As immune response to an infection is the epitome of complexity and plea of biomarkers have been suggested, a combined strategy in order to expand current knowledge and design innovative tailored immunotherapy approach for future immunointervention is imperative.

In these Special Issues we welcome original contributions and review articles with the following (but not limited to) potential topics: immune host response to infection, molecular diagnosis of infection/sepsis, infection biomarkers, immune phenotype, immunomodulation.

Dr. Antigone J. Kotsaki
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • sepsis
  • molecular diagnosis
  • cytokine
  • biomarker
  • immunotherapy
  • inflammation
  • infection
  • immunoparalysis

Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

21 pages, 604 KiB  
Review
The Complex Dysregulations of CD4 T Cell Subtypes in HIV Infection
by Manlio Tolomeo and Antonio Cascio
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(14), 7512; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147512 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1051
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains an important global public health problem. About 40 million people are infected with HIV, and this infection caused about 630,000 deaths in 2022. The hallmark of HIV infection is the depletion of CD4+ T helper lymphocytes (Th [...] Read more.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains an important global public health problem. About 40 million people are infected with HIV, and this infection caused about 630,000 deaths in 2022. The hallmark of HIV infection is the depletion of CD4+ T helper lymphocytes (Th cells). There are at least seven different Th subtypes, and not all are the main targets of HIV. Moreover, the effect of the virus in a specific subtype can be completely different from that of the others. Although the most compromised Th subtype in HIV infection is Th17, HIV can induce important dysregulations in other subtypes, such as follicular Th (Tfh) cells and regulatory Th cells (Treg cells or Tregs). Several studies have shown that HIV can induce an increase in the immunosuppressive activity of Tregs without causing a significant reduction in their numbers, at least in the early phase of infection. The increased activity of this Th subtype seems to play an important role in determining the immunodeficiency status of HIV-infected patients, and Tregs may represent a new target for innovative anti-HIV therapies, including the so-called “Kick and Kill” therapeutic method whose goal is the complete elimination of the virus and the healing of HIV infection. In this review, we report the most important findings on the effects of HIV on different CD4+ T cell subtypes, the molecular mechanisms by which the virus impairs the functions of these cells, and the implications for new anti-HIV therapeutic strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunology of Infection)
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