International Journal of Molecular Sciences

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Molecular Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Complications

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Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue focuses on advances in the underlying molecular mechanisms in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes from prediabetes and their interplay with obesity. It also welcomes articles on the molecular mechanisms which underpin the development and evolution of both macrovascular complications, including cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as the microvascular complications of retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Original and review articles addressing the molecular basis of novel biomarkers as well as therapeutic options in the management of type 2 diabetes and its complications are also considered in this Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Stephen Atkin
Prof. Dr. Thozhukat Sathyapalan
Prof. Dr. Alexandra Butler
Guest Editors

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Keywords

type 2 diabetes
obesity
diabetes complications
cardiovascular disease
dyslipidemia
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
metabolic syndrome
retinopathy
nephropathy
neuropathy
pharmacotherapy
insulin resistance

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 715 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Testing the Utility of Polygenic Risk Scores for Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity in Predicting Metabolic Changes in a Prediabetic Population: An Observational Study

by Felipe Padilla-Martinez, Łukasz Szczerbiński, Anna Citko, Marcin Czajkowski, Paulina Konopka, Adam Paszko, Natalia Wawrusiewicz-Kurylonek, Maria Górska and Adam Kretowski

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(24), 16081; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232416081 - 16 Dec 2022

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Abstract

Prediabetes is an intermediate state of hyperglycemia during which glycemic parameters are above normal levels but below the T2D threshold. T2D and its precursor prediabetes affect 6.28% and 7.3% of the world’s population, respectively. The main objective of this paper was to create and compare two polygenic risk scores (PRSs) versus changes over time (Δ) in metabolic parameters related to prediabetes and metabolic complications. The genetics of 446 prediabetic patients from the Polish Registry of Diabetes cohort were investigated. Seventeen metabolic parameters were measured and compared at baseline and after five years using statistical analysis. Subsequently, genetic polymorphisms present in patients were determined to build a T2D PRS (68 SNPs) and an obesity PRS (21 SNPs). Finally, the association among the two PRSs and the Δ of the metabolic traits was assessed. After a multiple linear regression with adjustment for age, sex, and BMI at a nominal significance of (p < 0.05) and adjustment for multiple testing, the T2D PRS was found to be positively associated with Δ fat mass (FM) (p = 0.025). The obesity PRS was positively associated with Δ FM (p = 0.023) and Δ 2 h glucose (p = 0.034). The comparison of genotype frequencies showed that AA genotype carriers of rs10838738 were significantly higher in Δ 2 h glucose and in Δ 2 h insulin. Our findings suggest that prediabetic individuals with a higher risk of developing T2D experience increased Δ FM, and those with a higher risk of obesity experience increased Δ FM and Δ two-hour postprandial glucose. The associations found in this research could be a powerful tool for identifying prediabetic individuals with an increased risk of developing T2D and obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Complications)

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Review

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14 pages, 1492 KiB

Open AccessReview

Glycemia-Induced miRNA Changes: A Review

by Sara Al-Mahayni, Mohamed Ali, Muhammad Khan, Fatema Jamsheer, Abu Saleh Md Moin and Alexandra E. Butler

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(8), 7488; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087488 - 19 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1699

Abstract

Diabetes is a rapidly increasing global health concern that significantly strains the health system due to its downstream complications. Dysregulation in glycemia represents one of the fundamental obstacles to achieving glycemic control in diabetic patients. Frequent hyperglycemia and/or hypoglycemia events contribute to pathologies that disrupt cellular and metabolic processes, which may contribute to the development of macrovascular and microvascular complications, worsening the disease burden and mortality. miRNAs are small single-stranded non-coding RNAs that regulate cellular protein expression and have been linked to various diseases, including diabetes mellitus. miRNAs have proven useful in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of diabetes and its complications. There is a vast body of literature examining the role of miRNA biomarkers in diabetes, aiming for earlier diagnoses and improved treatment for diabetic patients. This article reviews the most recent literature discussing the role of specific miRNAs in glycemic control, platelet activity, and macrovascular and microvascular complications. Our review examines the different miRNAs involved in the pathological processes leading to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, such as endothelial dysfunction, pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, and insulin resistance. Furthermore, we discuss the potential applications of miRNAs as next-generation biomarkers in diabetes with the aim of preventing, treating, and reversing diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Complications)

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