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Insulin Resistance in Neurodegenerative Diseases

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 January 2024) | Viewed by 9246

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica (IRIB), CNR, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
Interests: neurodegeneration; metabolic disorders; insulin resistance; organelle dysfunction; antioxidants; nutraceutical

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), are associated with neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunctions. The onset of peripheral and central insulin resistance conditions is proposed as the primary link among metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. Brain insulin resistance induces impairment of insulin signaling, activation of oxidative stress, ER stress, mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction, lipid peroxidation, inflammation and alteration of synaptic plasticity, and mechanisms leading to loss of neurons. A healthy lifestyle can reduce or prevent the risk of these dysfunctions. Dietary supplements of natural origin, rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory molecules, can significantly impact metabolic and neuronal dysfunction and related comorbidity. 

The Special Issue aims to collect original research articles and full review papers focused on, but not limited to, the mechanisms inducing peripheral and central dysmetabolism. Contributions related to signaling, organelles, mechanisms, and molecules involved in homeostasis and metabolic and neurodegenerative disease dysfunction are welcome. The potential protective role of bioactive molecules and functional food is also considered.

Giacoma Galizzi (), an expert in this research field, is serving as co-guest editor and will assist Dr. Marta Di Carlo on managing this issue.

Dr. Marta Di Carlo
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • dysmetabolism
  • insulin resistance
  • neurodegeneration
  • neuroinflammation
  • neuroprotective mechanisms
  • mitochondrial dysfunction
  • oxidative stress
  • autophagy
  • nutraceutical
  • food supplements

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 6651 KiB  
Article
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) Extract Prevents Neurodegeneration in the HFD Mouse Model by Modulating Astrocytes and Microglia Activation
by Giacoma Galizzi, Irene Deidda, Antonella Amato, Pasquale Calvi, Simona Terzo, Luca Caruana, Stefano Scoglio, Flavia Mulè and Marta Di Carlo
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(5), 4731; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054731 - 1 Mar 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2783
Abstract
Obesity and related metabolic dysfunctions are associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) is a cyanobacterium considered a suitable supplement for its nutritional profile and beneficial properties. The potential neuroprotective effect of an AFA extract, commercialized as KlamExtra® [...] Read more.
Obesity and related metabolic dysfunctions are associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) is a cyanobacterium considered a suitable supplement for its nutritional profile and beneficial properties. The potential neuroprotective effect of an AFA extract, commercialized as KlamExtra®, including the two AFA extracts Klamin® and AphaMax®, in High-Fat Diet (HFD)-fed mice was explored. Three groups of mice were provided with a standard diet (Lean), HFD or HFD supplemented with AFA extract (HFD + AFA) for 28 weeks. Metabolic parameters, brain insulin resistance, expression of apoptosis biomarkers, modulation of astrocytes and microglia activation markers, and Aβ deposition were analyzed and compared in the brains of different groups. AFA extract treatment attenuated HFD-induced neurodegeneration by reducing insulin resistance and loss of neurons. AFA supplementation improved the expression of synaptic proteins and reduced the HFD-induced astrocytes and microglia activation, and Aβ plaques accumulation. Together, these outcomes indicate that regular intake of AFA extract could benefit the metabolic and neuronal dysfunction caused by HFD, decreasing neuroinflammation and promoting Aβ plaques clearance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insulin Resistance in Neurodegenerative Diseases)
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Review

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13 pages, 822 KiB  
Review
Lactate Metabolism, Signaling, and Function in Brain Development, Synaptic Plasticity, Angiogenesis, and Neurodegenerative Diseases
by Anika Wu, Daehoon Lee and Wen-Cheng Xiong
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(17), 13398; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713398 - 29 Aug 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4909
Abstract
Neural tissue requires a great metabolic demand despite negligible intrinsic energy stores. As a result, the central nervous system (CNS) depends upon a continuous influx of metabolic substrates from the blood. Disruption of this process can lead to impairment of neurological functions, loss [...] Read more.
Neural tissue requires a great metabolic demand despite negligible intrinsic energy stores. As a result, the central nervous system (CNS) depends upon a continuous influx of metabolic substrates from the blood. Disruption of this process can lead to impairment of neurological functions, loss of consciousness, and coma within minutes. Intricate neurovascular networks permit both spatially and temporally appropriate metabolic substrate delivery. Lactate is the end product of anaerobic or aerobic glycolysis, converted from pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase-5 (LDH-5). Although abundant in the brain, it was traditionally considered a byproduct or waste of glycolysis. However, recent evidence indicates lactate may be an important energy source as well as a metabolic signaling molecule for the brain and astrocytes—the most abundant glial cell—playing a crucial role in energy delivery, storage, production, and utilization. The astrocyte–neuron lactate-shuttle hypothesis states that lactate, once released into the extracellular space by astrocytes, can be up-taken and metabolized by neurons. This review focuses on this hypothesis, highlighting lactate’s emerging role in the brain, with particular emphasis on its role during development, synaptic plasticity, angiogenesis, and disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insulin Resistance in Neurodegenerative Diseases)
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