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Proton-Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) 2.0
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Proton-Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) 2.0

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2021) | Viewed by 18481

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Helge L. Waldum

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
Interests: gastric physiology; gastric carcinogenesis; cell of origin; gastrin; the ECL cell; histamine; gastric acidity
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Proton–pump inhibitors (PPIs) are used by up to 10% of the population in Western countries. They virtually take away a biological function, the production of acidic gastric juice. Normally, gastric acidity is maintained by regulated release of gastrin from the G cell. Drug-induced hypoacidity induces hypergastrinemia. Gastrin stimulates the ECL cell to release histamine and to proliferate. Based upon old animal studies, there has been a fear that long-term profound acid inhibition would also induce gastric neoplasia in humans. In recent years, there have been reports substantiating this view. Moreover, the acidic gastric juice plays an important role in the defense against infections by killing swallowed microorganisms. The present issue of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences will explore all facets related to use of PPIs and particularly the safety aspects. 

Prof. Dr. Helge L. Waldum
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • gastric acidity
  • biological function of gastric juice
  • regulation of gastric acid secretion
  • acid related disease
  • inhibitors of gastric acid secretion
  • PPIs and potassium-competitive acid blockers (P-CABs)
  • gastritis
  • Helicobacter pylori
  • gastrin
  • ECL cell
  • gastric neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and cancer
  • infections secondary to gastric hypoacidity
  • treatment of acid related diseases

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Review

12 pages, 1567 KiB  
Review
Gastrin and the Moderate Hypergastrinemias
by Jens F. Rehfeld
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(13), 6977; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136977 - 29 Jun 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4440
Abstract
The antral hormone gastrin potently regulates gastric acid secretion and fundic mucosal growth. Consequently, appropriate gastrin secretion and plasma concentrations are important for the early phases of digestion. This review describes as the first premise the normal biogenesis of gastrin in the antral [...] Read more.
The antral hormone gastrin potently regulates gastric acid secretion and fundic mucosal growth. Consequently, appropriate gastrin secretion and plasma concentrations are important for the early phases of digestion. This review describes as the first premise the normal biogenesis of gastrin in the antral mucosa, but also mentions the extraantral expression. Subsequently, the molecular nature and concentration levels of gastrin in serum or plasma are overviewed. Third, assays for accurate measurements of plasma or serum concentrations are commented. Finally, the problem of moderate hypergastrinemia due to Helicobacter pylori infections and/or treatment with proton-pump inhibitors (PPI) is discussed. The review concludes that accurate measurement of the true concentrations of bioactive gastrins in plasma is important. Moreover, it suggests that moderate hypergastrinemias are also essential health issues that require serious attention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proton-Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) 2.0)
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14 pages, 698 KiB  
Review
Gastritis, Gastric Polyps and Gastric Cancer
by Helge Waldum and Reidar Fossmark
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(12), 6548; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126548 - 18 Jun 2021
Cited by 67 | Viewed by 13404
Abstract
Gastric cancer is still an important disease causing many deaths worldwide, although there has been a marked reduction in prevalence during the last few decades. The decline in gastric cancer prevalence is due to a reduction in Helicobacter pylori infection which has occurred [...] Read more.
Gastric cancer is still an important disease causing many deaths worldwide, although there has been a marked reduction in prevalence during the last few decades. The decline in gastric cancer prevalence is due to a reduction in Helicobacter pylori infection which has occurred for at least 50 years. The most probable mechanism for the carcinogenic effect of H. pylori is hypergastrinemia since H. pylori infected individuals do not have increased risk of gastric cancer before the development of oxyntic atrophy. When atrophy has developed, the carcinogenic process continues independent of H. pylori. Autoimmune gastritis also induces oxyntic atrophy leading to marked hypergastrinemia and development of ECL cell neoplasia as well as adenocarcinoma. Similarly, long-term treatment with efficient inhibitors of acid secretion like the proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) predisposes to ECL cell neoplasia of a different degree of malignancy. Contrasting the colon where most cancers develop from polyps, most polyps in the stomach have a low malignant potential. Nevertheless, gastric polyps may also give rise to cancer and have some risk factors and mechanisms in common with gastric cancer. In this overview the most common gastric polyps, i.e., hyperplastic polyps, adenomatous polyps and fundic gland polyps will be discussed with respect to etiology and particularly use of PPIs and relation to gastric carcinogenesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proton-Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) 2.0)
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