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Reproductive Immunology: Immunoregulatory Mechanisms during Healthy and Pathological Pregnancies

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 14205

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
Interests: reproductive immunology; innate immunity; NK and NKT cells; pre-eclampsia; IVF; infertility; thyroid autoimmunity

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Guest Editor
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
Interests: reproductive immunology; immune checkpoint molecules; pre-eclampsia; endometriosis; decidual immune cells

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Pregnancy is a natural model for optimal immune tolerance mechanisms. Although the embryo (and the placenta) is partially of paternal origin, and there is ample evidence that these foreign antigens are recognized, the immune system of the mother tolerates the semi-allogenic fetus.

However, while creating a favorable environment for the fetus, the maternal immune system must be prepared to control possible emerging infections. Therefore, a delicate balance is established to satisfy the contradictory interests of the mother and fetus. Maternal immunoactivation and tolerance mechanisms are not only limited to the uterus, but can also be observed systemically, in the peripheral blood.

Immunoregulation typically manifests itself in the activation of negative pathways leading to the exhaustion of specific immune responses and cellular interactions. Downregulation inflammatory responses are mediated by a complex network of cellular and molecular interactions with the predominant role of regulatory T cells as cellular components of the immune system and an increased number of soluble and membrane-bound molecules with immunoregulatory capacity, like cytokines and immune checkpoint molecules.

Disturbances in the tight control that maintains immune tolerance during pregnancy can trigger the development of pregnancy complications ranging from pre-eclampsia to fetal growth restriction or miscarriage.

Prof. Dr. Mikó Éva
Prof. Dr. Szereday László
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • maternofetal immunoregulation
  • regulatory T cells
  • cytokines
  • immune checkpoint molecules

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Review

16 pages, 2250 KiB  
Review
The Immunology of Syncytialized Trophoblast
by Danny J. Schust, Elizabeth A. Bonney, Jun Sugimoto, Toshi Ezashi, R. Michael Roberts, Sehee Choi and Jie Zhou
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(4), 1767; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041767 - 10 Feb 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7311
Abstract
Multinucleate syncytialized trophoblast is found in three forms in the human placenta. In the earliest stages of pregnancy, it is seen at the invasive leading edge of the implanting embryo and has been called primitive trophoblast. In later pregnancy, it is represented by [...] Read more.
Multinucleate syncytialized trophoblast is found in three forms in the human placenta. In the earliest stages of pregnancy, it is seen at the invasive leading edge of the implanting embryo and has been called primitive trophoblast. In later pregnancy, it is represented by the immense, multinucleated layer covering the surface of placental villi and by the trophoblast giant cells found deep within the uterine decidua and myometrium. These syncytia interact with local and/or systemic maternal immune effector cells in a fine balance that allows for invasion and persistence of allogeneic cells in a mother who must retain immunocompetence for 40 weeks of pregnancy. Maternal immune interactions with syncytialized trophoblast require tightly regulated mechanisms that may differ depending on the location of fetal cells and their invasiveness, the nature of the surrounding immune effector cells and the gestational age of the pregnancy. Some specifically reflect the unique mechanisms involved in trophoblast cell–cell fusion (aka syncytialization). Here we will review and summarize several of the mechanisms that support healthy maternal–fetal immune interactions specifically at syncytiotrophoblast interfaces. Full article
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13 pages, 1377 KiB  
Review
Role of Human Leukocyte Antigens at the Feto-Maternal Interface in Normal and Pathological Pregnancy: An Update
by Chiara Tersigni, Federica Meli, Caterina Neri, Azzurra Iacoangeli, Rita Franco, Antonio Lanzone, Giovanni Scambia and Nicoletta Di Simone
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(13), 4756; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134756 - 4 Jul 2020
Cited by 42 | Viewed by 6451
Abstract
The successful maternal tolerance of the semi-allogeneic fetus provides an apparent immunologic paradox. Indeed, deep invasion of placental trophoblast cells into maternal uterine tissue and the following growth of the fetus have to be tolerated by a pregnant woman’s immune system. Among the [...] Read more.
The successful maternal tolerance of the semi-allogeneic fetus provides an apparent immunologic paradox. Indeed, deep invasion of placental trophoblast cells into maternal uterine tissue and the following growth of the fetus have to be tolerated by a pregnant woman’s immune system. Among the various possible protective mechanisms that may be involved in human pregnancy, the expression of a non-classical pattern of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules and the complete lack of expression of HLA class II molecules in placental tissues seem to be the most relevant mechanisms of fetal escape from maternal immune recognition. The importance of HLA molecules in fetal toleration by the maternal immune system is highlighted by pregnancy complications occurring in cases of abnormal HLA molecule expression at the maternal–fetal interface. In this review, we summarize evidences about the role of placental HLA molecules in normal and pathological pregnancies. Full article
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