International Journal of Plant Biology

13 pages, 2364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Moss Walls for Air Quality Monitoring: Extending Their Utility Beyond Traditional Green Infrastructure

by Gana Gecheva, Zhana Petkova, Stoyan Damyanov, Deyana Georgieva, Vesselin Baev, Mariyana Gozmanova, Elena Apostolova-Kuzova and Galina Yahubyan

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020044 - 14 Apr 2025

Abstract

Moss walls are acknowledged, though not widely, for their urban environmental benefits: humidity control, noise reduction, and air filtration. In this pioneering study, three outdoor living moss walls were installed in separate urban green spaces in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. One and five months later, [...] Read more.

Moss walls are acknowledged, though not widely, for their urban environmental benefits: humidity control, noise reduction, and air filtration. In this pioneering study, three outdoor living moss walls were installed in separate urban green spaces in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. One and five months later, the primary moss species used, Hypnum cupressiforme, a well-established biomonitor, was analyzed for 12 potentially toxic elements. The content of all measured elements increased, with zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) showing the most significant rises—17-fold and 3-fold, respectively. The element accumulation is believed to originate from industrial activities related to non-ferrous metals. In addition to accumulating toxic elements, the moss exhibited physiological responses to environmental stress. Total lipids and tocopherols, lipophilic antioxidants produced exclusively by photosynthetic organisms, showed adaptive changes. As a molecular biomarker, the expression of the rbcL gene, which encodes the largest subunit of Rubisco, was analyzed, and showed a correlation with the Ecological Risk Index derived from the moss wall data. While living moss walls have been used to some extent to enhance urban aesthetics and improve air quality, this study is the first to highlight their potential as tools for air quality monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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20 pages, 5204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Metabolomic Profiling of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Reveals Biomarkers Involved in Viral Disease Detection and Monitoring

by Aggrey Keya Osogo, Clabe Wekesa, Francis N. Muyekho, Hassan Karakacha Were and Patrick Okoth

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020043 - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

Common bean production is crucial in Western Kenya due to its economic, nutritional, environmental, and cultural importance. However, challenges such as diseases, especially viral diseases, cause significant crop losses. This study sought to identify potential biomarkers for BCMV and BCMNV viral diseases by [...] Read more.

Common bean production is crucial in Western Kenya due to its economic, nutritional, environmental, and cultural importance. However, challenges such as diseases, especially viral diseases, cause significant crop losses. This study sought to identify potential biomarkers for BCMV and BCMNV viral diseases by analyzing small molecule metabolites in diseased common bean systems and gain an understanding of related metabolic pathways. Virus-free Rosecoco bean cultivars were planted and exposed to BCMV and BCMNV in specific regions, with healthy plants serving as controls. Diseased and healthy leaves were collected for metabolite extraction and analyzed using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. A total of 354 metabolites were identified across seven pathways, with 51 upregulated metabolites, primarily from fatty acids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Ten metabolites were differentially expressed, with the molecular structures of two successfully determined. These metabolites serve as potential biomarkers for viral disease detection, monitoring, and resistance in common beans. The findings highlight the role of fatty acids and terpenoids, as well as the importance of regional variability in plant hormone regulation in response to stress, suggesting that further research into these pathways will be essential for understanding plant defense mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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16 pages, 1364 KiB

Open AccessReview

Photosynthetic Adaptation in Poplar Under Abiotic and Biotic Stress: Integrating Molecular, Physiological, and Biotechnological Perspectives

by Dong Wang, Pawan Kumar Jewaria and Jianwei Xiao

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020042 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

In the context of global climate change, the carbon storage and sequestration capacity of terrestrial ecosystems is of increasing concern. Poplars are widely planted because of their fast growth and environmental adaptability. We reviewed the effects of abiotic and biotic stresses on photosynthesis [...] Read more.

In the context of global climate change, the carbon storage and sequestration capacity of terrestrial ecosystems is of increasing concern. Poplars are widely planted because of their fast growth and environmental adaptability. We reviewed the effects of abiotic and biotic stresses on photosynthesis in poplar, focusing on the damage caused by adversity conditions to photosynthetic apparatus, which leads to decreased carbon dioxide (CO₂) assimilation and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative damage. The mechanisms of photosynthesis response to stress in poplar are reviewed, especially the role of genes regulation in regulating photosynthetic efficiency. These findings are particularly important for improving the resilience of poplar under changing environmental conditions. In addition, we discussed a range of strategies to enhance photosynthesis in poplar under stress, such as genetic engineering and synthetic biology. These approaches provide theoretical guidance for improving the resilience of poplar and insights for improving other crops facing similar challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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21 pages, 4809 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of TaMYB Transcription Factor Genes Revealed Possible Early-Stage Selection for Heat Tolerance in Wheat

by Manu Maya Magar, Hui Liu and Guijun Yan

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020041 - 26 Mar 2025

Abstract

Wheat quality and quantity are challenged by increasing global temperature, which poses an urgent need for heat tolerance breeding in wheat. The identification of seedling-stage factors highly associated with reproductive-stage performance can enable early-stage selection and enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of breeding. [...] Read more.

Wheat quality and quantity are challenged by increasing global temperature, which poses an urgent need for heat tolerance breeding in wheat. The identification of seedling-stage factors highly associated with reproductive-stage performance can enable early-stage selection and enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of breeding. This study investigated the myeloblastosis (MYB) gene family, one of the largest transcription factor (TF) gene families in plants, for its response to seedling- and reproductive-stage heat stress in wheat. Genome-wide analysis of MYB TF genes identified 876 TaMYB genes, and 48 genes were selected for qRT-PCR expression analysis based on in silico expression analysis under abiotic stresses. Correlation analysis of the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) expression pattern of selected TaMYB genes in a heat-tolerant genotype (Perenjori) and two heat-sensitive genotypes (Brazil32 and Yitpi) at the seedling stage and grain-filling stage identified five TaMYB genes (TaMYB-327, TaMYB-049, TaMYB-030, TaMYB-226, and TaMYB-023) for the early-stage selection of heat tolerance and four TaMYB genes (TaMYB-232, TaMYB-343, TaMYB-305, and TaMYB399) for the early-stage selection of heat sensitivity in wheat. As important stress-responsive genes, these MYB genes showed similar expression patterns between early and late developmental stages, indicating the existence of a correlation for heat tolerance at the two stages, and therefore providing the theoretical basis for the early selection of heat tolerance in wheat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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15 pages, 1525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cannabis sativa L. Miniature Inverted-Repeat Transposable-Element Landscapes in Wild-Type (JL) and Domesticated Genome (CBDRx)

by Mariana Quiroga, Clara Crociara, Esteban Schenfeld, Franco Daniel Fernández, Juan Crescente, Leonardo Vanzetti and Marcelo Helguera

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020040 - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

Cannabis sativa L. is a globally cultivated plant with significant industrial, nutritional, and medicinal value. Its genome, comprising nine autosomes and sex chromosomes (X and Y), has been extensively studied, particularly in the context of precise breeding for specific enduses. Recent advances have [...] Read more.

Cannabis sativa L. is a globally cultivated plant with significant industrial, nutritional, and medicinal value. Its genome, comprising nine autosomes and sex chromosomes (X and Y), has been extensively studied, particularly in the context of precise breeding for specific enduses. Recent advances have facilitated genome-wide analyses through platforms like the NCBI Comparative Genome Viewer (CGV) and CannabisGDB, among others, enabling comparative studies across multiple Cannabis genotypes. Despite the abundance of genomic data, a particular group of transposable elements, known as miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs), remains underexplored in Cannabis. These elements are non-autonomous class II DNA transposons characterized by high copy numbers and insertion preference in non-coding regions, potentially affecting gene expression. In the present study, we report the sequence annotation of MITEs in wild-type and domesticated Cannabis genomes obtained using the MITE Tracker software. We also develop a simple and innovative protocol to identify genome-specific MITE families, offering valuable tools for future research on marker development focused on important genetic variation for breeding in Cannabis sativa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Cannabis sativa: Breeding and Secondary Metabolite Synthesis)

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16 pages, 3142 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Allometric Models to Estimate Aboveground Biomass of Individual Trees of Eucalyptus saligna Sm in Young Plantations in Ecuador

by Raúl Ramos-Veintimilla, Hernán J. Andrade, Roy Vera-Velez, José Esparza-Parra, Pedro Panama-Perugachi, Milena Segura and Jorge Grijalva-Olmedo

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020039 - 24 Mar 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Nature-based solutions (NbS), particularly through forest biomass, are crucial in mitigating climate change. While forest plantations play a critical role in carbon capture, the absence of species-specific biomass estimation models presents a significant challenge. This research focuses on developing allometric models [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Nature-based solutions (NbS), particularly through forest biomass, are crucial in mitigating climate change. While forest plantations play a critical role in carbon capture, the absence of species-specific biomass estimation models presents a significant challenge. This research focuses on developing allometric models to accurately estimate the aboveground biomass of Eucalyptus saligna Sm in Ecuador’s Lower Montane thorny steppe. (2) Methods: Conducted at the Tunshi Experimental Station of ESPOCH in Chimborazo, Ecuador, the research involved 46 trees to formulate biomass predictive models using both destructive and non-destructive methods. Sixteen generic models were tested using the ordinary least squares method. (3) Results: The most effective allometric equation for estimating six-year-old E. saligna biomass was Ln(B) = −0.952 + 1.97∗Ln(dbh), where B = biomass in kg/tree, and dbh = diameter at breast height in cm. This model represents a valuable contribution to improve biomass and carbon estimates in mitigation projects in Ecuador. (4) Conclusions: The tested models stand out for their simplicity, requiring only dbh as input, and demonstrate high accuracy and fit to contribute to the field of climate change mitigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology and Biodiversity)

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13 pages, 927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Sustainable Cultivation Practices and Advanced Extraction Methods for Improved Cannabis Yield and Cannabinoid Production

by Theerayut Thawonkit, Nednapa Insalud, Rapeephun Dangtungee and Prakash Bhuyar

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020038 - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

The rising global demand for medicinal cannabis necessitates the optimization of cultivation, harvesting, and extraction techniques to maximize cannabinoid yield and purity. This study investigates the Foi Thong Phu Pha Yon strain under controlled environmental conditions, evaluating the effects of temperature, humidity, CO [...] Read more.

The rising global demand for medicinal cannabis necessitates the optimization of cultivation, harvesting, and extraction techniques to maximize cannabinoid yield and purity. This study investigates the Foi Thong Phu Pha Yon strain under controlled environmental conditions, evaluating the effects of temperature, humidity, CO₂ concentration, and light exposure on plant growth and cannabinoid biosynthesis. A total of 170 seeds were germinated, with an 85% germination success rate, and various growth strategies, including soil composition, nutrient application, and irrigation methods, were tested to determine the most effective approach. The research findings indicate that vegetative growth was optimal at 27 °C, 70% humidity, and 1200 ppm CO₂ while flowering required a reduced temperature (22 °C), lower humidity (50%), and elevated CO₂ levels (1900 ppm) to enhance cannabinoid production and prevent disease. Furthermore, harvest timing significantly influenced CBD yield, with peak cannabinoid content observed when 80% of trichomes were cloudy white. Over two growing cycles, this study produced 43,200 g of fresh buds, resulting in 7560 g of dried cannabis buds. The extraction process, utilizing dynamic maceration with 95% ethanol, followed by winterization and chromatography, yielded 2343.60 g of cannabis extract, including 589.68 g of CBD, with an average purity of 86.599%. Advanced techniques such as flash chromatography and distillation further refined the CBD isolate, ensuring pharmaceutical-grade quality. These findings highlight the effectiveness of precise environmental control, strategic harvesting, and advanced extraction methodologies in optimizing cannabis production. This research provides valuable insights for agricultural researchers, policymakers, and the pharmaceutical industry, supporting sustainable cultivation practices and improved product quality in the expanding medicinal cannabis market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Cannabis sativa: Breeding and Secondary Metabolite Synthesis)

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13 pages, 1928 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rhizobium sp. as a Growth Inducer of Phaseolus vulgaris L., Determining the Qualitative Chemical Composition of Its Ethyl Acetate Extract Using High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry

by Giselle Hernández, Yoania Ríos, Trina H. García, Yusset Louis, Iraida Spengler and Yarelis Ortiz

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010037 - 20 Mar 2025

Abstract

Phaseolus vulgaris L. is one of the most important legumes for human consumption due to its contents of proteins, antioxidants, minerals, and bioactive compounds. In the last decade, there has been a growing research interest in increasing yields while reducing or replacing the [...] Read more.

Phaseolus vulgaris L. is one of the most important legumes for human consumption due to its contents of proteins, antioxidants, minerals, and bioactive compounds. In the last decade, there has been a growing research interest in increasing yields while reducing or replacing the use of chemical fertilizers. This has led to a focus on plant growth-promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) as biofertilizers in sustainable agricultural practices. The aim of this study was to determine the growth-promoting activity of a culture broth of the Gram-negative soil bacteria Rhizobium sp. (F7), which is conserved in the Collection of Beneficial Bacteria at the Institute of Fundamental Research in Tropical Agriculture (INIFAT), and to identify the main secondary metabolites present in the ethyl acetate crude extract using high-resolution liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The growth-promoting activity of the culture broth on Phaseolus vulgaris L. seeds was evaluated. The ethyl acetate extract was obtained by liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate from the culture broth, and UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS was used to identify secondary metabolites. The results indicated that the culture broth of Rhizobium sp. exhibited an in vitro growth-stimulating effect. Furthermore, ten secondary metabolites were identified in the ethyl acetate extract (p-coumaric acid, indole-3-lactic acid, naringenin, and siderophores B and C, among others). These findings highlight the bioactive metabolites produced by Rhizobium sp., a bacterial strain of the INIFAT collection, which have a positive effect as growth promoters in plants. They reveal the potential of Rhizobium sp. as a promising candidate for inclusion in agricultural management practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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17 pages, 5179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Salinity-Induced VOC Modulation and Physiological Adaptations in Adenosma indiana

by Jinnawat Manasathien, Woraporn Laojinda and Piyanut Khanema

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010036 - 19 Mar 2025

Abstract

Saline environments shape plant metabolism, driving ecological and biochemical adaptations. This study investigated the impact of salinity on Adenosma indiana (Indian scent-wort), a medicinal herb known for its volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, to elucidate its adaptive strategies. During [...] Read more.

Saline environments shape plant metabolism, driving ecological and biochemical adaptations. This study investigated the impact of salinity on Adenosma indiana (Indian scent-wort), a medicinal herb known for its volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, to elucidate its adaptive strategies. During the flowering stage, samples were collected from four saline microhabitats in Kalasin Province, Thailand. We analyzed soil properties, plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, compatible solutes (anthocyanins, proline, total sugars), and elemental concentrations (K, Na, Ca, Mg) across different tissues. Results showed that A. indiana maintained stable growth while enhancing chlorophyll and β-carotene levels under increasing salinity. GC-MS identified 47 VOCs, including 3-cyclopenten-1-one (first reported in this species) and β-bisabolene, both strongly linked to soil salinity. In low-salinity soils, leaves accumulated high sodium, inducing osmoprotectants (proline, total sugars) and VOCs (D-limonene, α-pinene, terpinolene, 1-octen-3-ol) in peltate glandular trichomes. Conversely, in high-salinity soils, lower leaf sodium levels were associated with increased β-bisabolene and β-caryophyllene production, suggesting distinct biochemical pathways. These findings reveal salinity-driven VOC modulation in A. indiana, highlighting its adaptive potential for medicinal applications in saline environments and its role as a source of salt-tolerant bioactive compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Tolerance to Drought and Salt Stress in Plants, 2nd volume)

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25 pages, 2740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Response of Solanum lycopersicum L. (Tomato) to Phytophthora infestans and Aspergillus niger

by Tavershima Moses Anakaa, Odunayo Joseph Olawuyi and Segun Gbolagade Jonathan

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010035 - 14 Mar 2025

Abstract

There is limited information on the genetic response of tomato cultivars to pathogens. This study investigated the genetic mechanism of tomato that confers tolerance against Phytophthora infestans (Ph) and Aspergills niger (Asp) infection using different tomato accessions. Also, the [...] Read more.

There is limited information on the genetic response of tomato cultivars to pathogens. This study investigated the genetic mechanism of tomato that confers tolerance against Phytophthora infestans (Ph) and Aspergills niger (Asp) infection using different tomato accessions. Also, the study examined the effect of Ph and Asp infection on the morphology and the chromosome number of the infected tomatoes. Thirty tomato seed accessions were grown in a screen house, using a complete randomized design in triplicate, and evaluated for tolerance to both pathogens using a disease severity rating scale of 1 (highly tolerant) to 6 (highly susceptible), while chromosome assessment was performed using Carnoy’s protocol. Morphological data of 28 characteristics were collected using an IPGRI descriptor, while variance components, genetic advance (GA), and heritability were estimated for treated tomatoes and controls using the R statistical program. Accession NHT0254b, which was highly tolerant to Ph (1.00 ± 0.00) and Asp (1.33 ± 0.58), was diploid (2n = 2x = 24). The Ph-treated NHT0343a was moderately susceptible (3.67 ± 2.31), with 2n = 2x = 23, while NGB00711 was moderately susceptible (4.33 ± 1.16) with 2n = 2x = 22 after Asp treatment, indicating aneuploidy. In Ph treatment, cumulative fruit weight (CFW) had the highest environmental variance (1509.57), while number of seeds (NS) showed the highest genotypic variance (8.22). In Asp treatment, NS exhibited the highest genetic advance (2.97), while CFW had the highest phenotypic variance (754.91). Heritability estimates showed that fruit length (63.0%), the size of core (65.0%), and number of chambers (60.0%) were tolerant to Ph, while only fruit length (56.0%) was tolerant to Asp in terms of yield characteristics. Thus, tolerant accessions and traits are recommended for selection and genetic improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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18 pages, 1541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigating Salinity Stress in Pea Plants with Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles

by Ekaterina Yotsova, Martin Stefanov, Georgi Rashkov, Anelia Dobrikova and Emilia Apostolova

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010034 - 8 Mar 2025

Abstract

Changes in the environment have a significant impact on photosynthetic efficiency, which in turn influences plant growth and yield. Consequently, there is a greater focus on methods to enhance photosynthetic efficiency with the goal of raising plant productivity. In this study, the effects [...] Read more.

Changes in the environment have a significant impact on photosynthetic efficiency, which in turn influences plant growth and yield. Consequently, there is a greater focus on methods to enhance photosynthetic efficiency with the goal of raising plant productivity. In this study, the effects of titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) on pea plants (Pisum sativum L.) subjected to moderate salt stress by the addition of 100 mM NaCl to the nutrient solution were investigated. Two concentrations of NPs (50 mg/L and 100 mg/L) were applied through foliar spray on pea leaves. Data showed that NPs prevent salt-induced membrane damage, growth inhibition, and the increase in hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation. An analysis of the chlorophyll fluorescence curves revealed that TiO₂ NPs decreased the effects of NaCl on the reduction in the open photosystem II centers (corresponding with qp) and their efficiency (Φexc), as well as the activity of the oxygen-evolving complex (Fv/Fo). The co-treatment with TiO₂ NPs and NaCl also improved the photochemical energy conversion of photosystem II (Φ_PSII), alleviated the interaction of Q_A⁻ with plastoquinone, and enhanced electron transport activity and the rate of photosynthesis, compared to the plants treated with NaCl only. Additionally, NPs application under salt stress stimulated cyclic electron transport around photosystem I, thus protecting its photochemical activity. These protective effects of NPs were more pronounced at a concentration of 100 mg/L. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Tolerance to Drought and Salt Stress in Plants, 2nd volume)

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17 pages, 2948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Optimization of In Vitro Culture Establishment and Shoot Proliferation of “GiSelA 17” (Prunus canescens × Prunus avium): A Novel Cherry Rootstock

by Ikra Manzoor, Khalid Mushtaq Bhat, Mohammad Amin Mir, Narendran M. Nair, Aashiq Hussain Pandit, Ume Kulsum, Shoeb Quadri, Smithal Deshmukh and Taras Pasternak

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010033 - 7 Mar 2025

Abstract

“GiSelA 17” (Prunus canescens × Prunus avium) is a novel cherry clonal rootstock with the ability to bear fruit early and resist replant situations, and it has a high tolerance to the menaces of Prunus dwarf virus (PDV) and Prunus necrotic [...] Read more.

“GiSelA 17” (Prunus canescens × Prunus avium) is a novel cherry clonal rootstock with the ability to bear fruit early and resist replant situations, and it has a high tolerance to the menaces of Prunus dwarf virus (PDV) and Prunus necrotic ring spot virus (PNRSV). In this study, two kinds of explants were taken, i.e., shoot tip (E1) (10 mm) and nodal segment (E2) (15 mm) explants. Five different sterilant regimes using sodium hypochlorite, mercuric chloride, and ethyl alcohol were employed to assess surface sterilization. Two types of media, namely Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Woody Plant Medium (WPM), and twelve and six plant growth regulator combinations with benzyl amino purine (BAP) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) were used, respectively, for the establishment and proliferation steps. The results show that maximum culture asepsis (75.33%) was obtained with shoot tips (E1) using 0.05% HgCl₂ for 5 min + 70% ethanol for 10 s (S4), and maximum explant survival (80.33%) was observed in 0.1% HgCl₂ for 5 min (S1) for shoot tips (E1). The maximum establishment rate (83.33%) was found in shoot tips (E1) in MS medium with BAP + IBA (1 + 0.01 mg/L) during the establishment step, with a maximum proliferation rate of 92.00% obtained in MS and BAP (0.75 mg/L). Inferior establishment results (26.66%) were obtained in nodal segments (E2) using WPM and BAP + IBA (1.50 + 0.01 mg/L), with a low proliferation rate (68.66%) in WPM and BAP + IBA (0.25 + 0.01 mg/L). Nonetheless, our research is the first in vitro study on “GiSelA 17” rootstock that focuses on generating the best quality planting material for commercial cherry production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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22 pages, 2702 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Importance of the Glomus Genus as a Potential Candidate for Sustainable Agriculture Under Arid Environments: A Review

by Redouane Ouhaddou, Mohamed Anli, Raja Ben-Laouane, Abderrahim Boutasknit, Marouane Baslam and Abdelilah Meddich

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010032 - 3 Mar 2025

Cited by 2

Abstract

Drought and salinity are major factors that hinder crop cultivation and significantly impair agricultural productivity, particularly in (semi)arid regions. These two abiotic constraints cause deterioration in soil structure and reduced fertility and hamper plant growth by limiting access to mineral elements and water, [...] Read more.

Drought and salinity are major factors that hinder crop cultivation and significantly impair agricultural productivity, particularly in (semi)arid regions. These two abiotic constraints cause deterioration in soil structure and reduced fertility and hamper plant growth by limiting access to mineral elements and water, thereby threatening global food security. What’s more, the excessive, long-term use of chemical fertilizers to boost crop productivity can disrupt the balance of agricultural ecosystems, particularly soil health. Faced with these challenges, the sustainable exploitation of natural resources, in particular rhizospheric microorganisms, is an environmentally friendly solution. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play an important role as biofertilizers due to their symbiotic relationship with the roots of nearly 80% of plants. They promote not only the growth of host plants but also their resistance to abiotic stresses. Among these fungi, the Glomus genus stands out for its predominance in plants’ rhizosphere thanks to its richness in high-performance species and ecological adaptability. This review highlights the importance of species within this genus in soils, particularly in terrestrial ecosystems subject to (semi-)arid climates. Molecular mechanisms underlying plant tolerance to drought and salt stress in symbiosis with species of the Glomus genus are also explored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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11 pages, 429 KiB

Open AccessArticle

¹³C Isotope Discrimination Variation in Guar [Cyamopsis tetragronoloba (L.) Taub.] Under Water-Deficit Conditions

by Aurora Manley, Waltram Ravelombola, Curtis Adams, Rajan Shrestha, Philip Hinson and Calvin Trostle

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010031 - 1 Mar 2025

Abstract

Guar is a legume cultivated for its high seed galactomannan content. India is the major guar producer globally and the U.S. has the largest guar market worldwide. Guar is drought-tolerant and suitable as a summer rotational crop in dryland farming systems. Studies have [...] Read more.

Guar is a legume cultivated for its high seed galactomannan content. India is the major guar producer globally and the U.S. has the largest guar market worldwide. Guar is drought-tolerant and suitable as a summer rotational crop in dryland farming systems. Studies have shown correlations between carbon δ13 isotope (C13) discrimination and water-use efficiency in other crops. The objective of this study was to assess the variation in carbon δ13 isotope discrimination among 30 guar accessions. Accessions were grown under greenhouse conditions in 3.79 L pots, including drought-stressed and well-watered treatments. For each accession, beginning at the V5–V8 growth stage, one pot was continuously irrigated, whereas irrigation was withheld from the other until wilting symptoms appeared after 50 days. Each treatment pair (well-watered/drought-stressed) was organized in a completely randomized design with three replications. Aboveground fresh and dry biomass data were collected, and the dry leaves were used for C13 isotope analysis. The results showed an increase in leaf C13 under drought stress. There were no differences among genotypes in C13 for well-watered plants (p = 0.63), but drought-stressed plants differed (p < 0.001). Significant positive correlations were identified between C13 under drought stress and the fresh (r = 0.70) and dry biomass (r = 0.68) of drought-stressed plants. These results demonstrate that C13 has potential as a criterion to identify drought-tolerant guar lines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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16 pages, 3111 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Apple Rootstock on Hoplocampa testudinea (Klug) Host Choice and Larval Performance

by Suzanne E. Blatt

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010030 - 28 Feb 2025

Abstract

Hoplocampa testudinea, the European Apple Sawfly, is an important pest in apple throughout Canada. Losses can be up to 80% in some areas. Adults of H. testudinea are active during the bloom period and larvae are contained with the developing fruitlet, creating [...] Read more.

Hoplocampa testudinea, the European Apple Sawfly, is an important pest in apple throughout Canada. Losses can be up to 80% in some areas. Adults of H. testudinea are active during the bloom period and larvae are contained with the developing fruitlet, creating a challenging management situation. Chemical treatments applied either pre- or post-bloom may not reduce the population sufficiently to prevent damage in the current year. H. testudinea has been shown to exhibit a preference for some apple cultivars over others in Europe and North America, offering a potential host-based option to reduce impact from this pest. In this study, we explored whether rootstock would impact H. testudinea development as demonstrated in cultivar. A selection of rootstocks from within ‘Honeycrisp’ and Modi^® plantings located at the Kentville Research and Development Centre were selected and the following variables were studied: percentage of clusters with eggs and number of eggs oviposited during bloom, development of the larvae within the fruitlets, titratable acid firmness and soluble solids evaluated at two times during fruitlet development, and damage observed at harvest. Results showed that female H. testudinea did not oviposit significantly more on certain rootstocks over others, even though the percentage of apples showing damage at harvest was significant across rootstock for ‘Honeycrisp’. Percentage of fruitlets showing secondary damage and dropping from the tree was significant across rootstock with a ‘Honeycrisp’ scion in 2021. Secondary damage in this planting correlated with change in acidity. These results suggest that rootstock does not strongly affect H. testudinea performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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24 pages, 2994 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variety-Specific Lettuce Responses to Oxygen-Enriched Water and LED Light in a Controlled Greenhouse: A Multivariate Analysis Across Two Cycles

by Oana Alina Nitu, Elena Ştefania Ivan, Augustina Sandina Tronac and Adnan Arshad

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010029 - 27 Feb 2025

Abstract

Investigating the impact of oxygen-enriched water combined with LED light on lettuce growth for two consecutive cycles is essential for advancing greenhouse cultivation in Mediterranean climates, where summer heat poses significant challenges. This study investigates the combined impact of oxygen-enriched water (O₂ [...] Read more.

Investigating the impact of oxygen-enriched water combined with LED light on lettuce growth for two consecutive cycles is essential for advancing greenhouse cultivation in Mediterranean climates, where summer heat poses significant challenges. This study investigates the combined impact of oxygen-enriched water (O₂EW) and LED lighting on physiological, biochemical, and growth responses of two lettuce cultivars across two cultivation cycles in a controlled environment. The two lettuce types, Lactuca sativa var. ‘Lollo Bionda’ (Lugano) and Lactuca sativa var. ‘Lollo Rosso’ (Carmesi), were cultivated employing the Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) method within a regulated greenhouse setting. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) evaluated lettuce growth in an NFT system under three treatments: natural water (NW), oxygen-enriched water (O₂EW), and O₂EW with LED light (380–840 nm) (LED + O₂EW). The plants were exposed to natural oxygen levels (NW) of 6.2–7.4 mg L⁻¹ in the first and 7.4–8.1 mg L⁻¹ in the second period. Under O₂EW, levels reached 8.0–8.6 mg L⁻¹ and 8.7–9.2 mg L⁻¹, respectively, while LED + O₂EW concentrations were 8.4–8.5 mg L⁻¹ in the first and 8.8–8.4 mg L⁻¹ in the second period. The PPFD for ‘Lugano’ ranged from 426 to 486 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in the first cycle and 437–511 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in the second, averaging 448.66 and 460.65 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹, respectively. For ‘Carmesi’, it ranged from 421 to 468 and 441 to 492.3 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹, with averages of 438.66 and 457.1 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test (p < 0.05) in IBM SPSS Statistics (version 29.0.2.0). The applied treatments significantly influenced the plants’ physiological parameters, including the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and antioxidant activity. These treatments also significantly (p < 0.05) affected plant growth metrics such as the height, diameter, mass, number of leaves, root length, root mass, as well as biochemical components like chlorophyll, nitrate, and glucose content. The applied treatments significantly enhanced plant growth, biochemical components, and physiological parameters. Via comparative analysis, we concluded that the overall physiological performance of the plants in the second cycle was approximately 21.18% higher compared to the first cycle when combining all attributes. ‘Lugano’ showed stronger growth in height, mass, and root traits, while ‘Carmesi’ excelled in antioxidant activity, especially under LED + O₂EW treatment. Oxygen treatments boosted photosynthesis and transpiration in both varieties, with ‘Carmesi’ showing higher rates and ‘Lugano’ demonstrating greater growth, especially in the second cycle. In conclusion, O₂EW and LED treatments significantly enhance lettuce growth and resilience, particularly under warmer conditions, highlighting their potential to support sustainable year-round greenhouse cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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17 pages, 1511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deciphering Arabidopsis Aquaporin Networks: Comparative Analysis of the STRING and BioGRID Interactomes

by Alvaro Lopez-Zaplana

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010028 - 26 Feb 2025

Abstract

Aquaporins are transmembrane proteins that mediate the transport of water, as well as various ions and molecules. In plants, they play a critical role in numerous processes, including stress adaptation, nutrition, cellular communication, and transpiration. Therefore, understanding the function and interactions of these [...] Read more.

Aquaporins are transmembrane proteins that mediate the transport of water, as well as various ions and molecules. In plants, they play a critical role in numerous processes, including stress adaptation, nutrition, cellular communication, and transpiration. Therefore, understanding the function and interactions of these proteins with others—known as interactomes—is of significant agronomic and biological interest. This study aims to analyse the interactome of all aquaporins in Arabidopsis thaliana L. using two distinct databases, STRING and BioGRID. After analysing both interactomes, a wide range of interactions were identified between each aquaporin and a diverse array of proteins, including nutrient transporters for ammonium, potassium, phosphorus, sulphur, copper, and sugars; proteins related to responses to abiotic stresses; proteins mediating vesicle membrane fusion, such as synaptobrevins and syntaxins; ubiquitinases; kinases; and other transmembrane proteins. These extensive connections further underscore the critical importance of aquaporins in numerous biological processes, positioning them as central modulators and integration points for cellular and systemic responses in plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Communication)

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23 pages, 4082 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biocontrol Potential of Bacillus Strains from Grapevine Rhizosphere Against Allorhizobium vitis, Causal Agent of Crown Gall Disease in Moroccan Vineyards

by Hiba Yahyaoui, Nadia El Allaoui, Amine Batbat, Aziz Aziz, Faical Aoujil, Majida Hafidi and Khaoula Habbadi

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010027 - 26 Feb 2025

Abstract

Beneficial bacteria are recognised for their antimicrobial compounds, making them valuable for disease control in agriculture. Bacillus species stand out for their stability, versatility, and selectivity as biocontrol agents. This study aimed to identify potential antagonists within the rhizosphere microorganisms by isolating bacterial [...] Read more.

Beneficial bacteria are recognised for their antimicrobial compounds, making them valuable for disease control in agriculture. Bacillus species stand out for their stability, versatility, and selectivity as biocontrol agents. This study aimed to identify potential antagonists within the rhizosphere microorganisms by isolating bacterial strains from grapevine roots and rhizosphere soil in Moroccan vineyards. The antimicrobial activities of these isolates against Allorhizobium vitis, the causative agent of grapevine crown gall, were evaluated in vitro using a disc diffusion assay, followed by in planta assessments under preventive and simulated inoculation conditions. Screening led to the isolation of 123 strains, with six showing strong antagonistic properties, achieving inhibition percentages up to 39.6%. 16S rRNA sequencing led to identifying five Bacillus species: B. amyloliquefaciens, B. velezensis, B. halotolerans, B. subtilis, and B. anthracis. These strains were further characterised by their biochemical traits and plant growth-promoting abilities. Compatibility assays identified optimal combinations for microbial consortia, demonstrating pathogen inhibition up to 37.4%. In planta bioassays confirmed the effectiveness of the isolates and consortia, reducing tumour size. These findings highlight the potential of these Bacillus strains as biocontrol agents and underscore the value of microbial consortia as a sustainable approach to managing grapevine crown gall. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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17 pages, 3200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Adaptive Responses of Juglans neotropica Diels Progenies Based on Dasometric Traits

by Raúl Armando Ramos-Veintimilla, Fernando Romero-Cañizares, Mariela González-Narváez, Roy Vera-Velez and Mario García-Mora

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010026 - 24 Feb 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Juglans neotropica Diels, native to the Andes, is highly valued for its quality wood, medicinal uses, edible fruits, and natural dyes. However, its population has been greatly reduced due to overexploitation, becoming threatened and resulting in genetic stochasticity. Therefore, a prompt [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Juglans neotropica Diels, native to the Andes, is highly valued for its quality wood, medicinal uses, edible fruits, and natural dyes. However, its population has been greatly reduced due to overexploitation, becoming threatened and resulting in genetic stochasticity. Therefore, a prompt ex situ and in situ conservation effort is needed for its conservation and restoration. (2) Methods: A total of 439 trees of J. neotropica Diels were sampled from selected individuals across the northern and central regions of Ecuador. These trees were planted in a randomized complete block design to assess their growth and genetic variability. (3) Results: Annual average tree growth varied significantly among progenies. Based on their dasometric traits, two distinct groups were identified as superior and surveillance. Five trees demonstrated promising traits (TJ182, ChL2314, ChL142, TJ1310, and BSM14), suggesting potential for inclusion in forest genetic improvement programs. (4) Conclusions: Fifteen percent of individuals from the five studied provenances exhibited desirable dasometric characteristics and high-quality wood. In addition, several individuals within the progenies exhibit resistance to biotic agents, indicating a genetic potential for disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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