Immuno

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Immunological defects and chronic inflammatory immunological diseases are able to induce different types of immunodeficiency that may predispose those suffering from them to several, sometimes severe, infections.

In these situations, infections almost always necessitate a visit to the emergency room; furthermore, infections are also frequent causes of clinical complications for inpatients that are hospitalized for other reasons.

The clinical outcome of this type of opportunistic infection is still a matter of discussion because septic shock and other life-threatening complications are not infrequent.

Yet another intriguing aspect of these disorders is related to immunosuppressive drugs used to treat systemic autoimmune diseases that represent a frequent reason for admission to emergency departments, along with the drug induced risk of developing a follow-up infection.

Therefore, we invite you to offer your experience in this field by sending your contribution in the form of a case report, case series, brief report, or regular clinical article to this Special Issue in the journal Immuno.

Dr. Alessandro Perrella
Dr. Novella Carannante
Guest Editors

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Immuno is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1000 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

immunological defects
infectious diseases
chronic inflammatory immunological diseases

Published Papers (1 paper)

Review

22 pages, 2046 KiB

Open AccessReview

Immunopathogenesis of Nipah Virus Infection and Associated Immune Responses

by Brent Brown, Tanya Gravier, Ingo Fricke, Suhaila A. Al-Sheboul, Theodor-Nicolae Carp, Chiuan Yee Leow, Chinua Imarogbe and Javad Arabpour

Immuno 2023, 3(2), 160-181; https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno3020011 - 27 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5279

Abstract

Pandemics in the last two centuries have been initiated by causal pathogens that include Severe Acute Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Influenza (e.g., the H1N1 pandemic of 2009). The latter is considered to have initiated two prior pandemics in 1918 and 1977, known as the “Spanish Flu” and “Russian Flu”, respectively. Here, we discuss other emerging infections that could be potential public health threats. These include Henipaviruses, which are members of the family Paramyxoviridae that infect bats and other mammals. Paramyxoviridae also include Parainfluenza and Mumps viruses (Rubulavirus) but also Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) (Pneumovirus). Additionally included is the Measles virus, recorded for the first time in writing in 1657 (Morbillivirus). In humans and animals, these may cause encephalitis or respiratory diseases. Recently, two more highly pathogenic class 4 viral pathogens emerged. These were named Hendra Henipavirus (HeV) and Nipah Henipavirus (NiV). Nipah virus is a negative-sense single-stranded ribonucleic acid ((−) ssRNA) virus within the family Paramyxoviridae. There are currently no known therapeutics or treatment regimens licensed as effective in humans, with development ongoing. Nipah virus is a lethal emerging zoonotic disease that has been neglected since its characterization in 1999 until recently. Nipah virus infection occurs predominantly in isolated regions of Malaysia, Bangladesh, and India in small outbreaks. Factors that affect animal–human disease transmission include viral mutation, direct contact, amplifying reservoirs, food, close contact, and host cell mutations. There are different strains of Nipah virus, and small outbreaks in humans limit known research and surveillance on this pathogen. The small size of outbreaks in rural areas is suggestive of low transmission. Person-to-person transmission may occur. The role that zoonotic (animal–human) or host immune system cellular factors perform therefore requires analysis. Mortality estimates for NiV infection range from 38–100% (averaging 58.2% in early 2019). It is therefore critical to outline treatments and prevention for NiV disease in future research. The final stages of the disease severely affect key organ systems, particularly the central nervous system and brain. Therefore, here we clarify the pathogenesis, biochemical mechanisms, and all research in context with known immune cell proteins and genetic factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunological Defects and Infectious Disease in Emergency)

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