Most Cited

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic complicated inflammatory gut pathological disorder and is categorized into ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Although the cause of IBD is unclear, dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is...

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are a promising form of immunotherapy that have significantly changed the therapeutic landscape for many advanced cancers. They have shown unique clinical benefit against a broad range of tumour types and a strong o...

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by thrombotic or obstetric events occurring in individuals who have persistent antiphospholipid antibodies. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) is a rare and pot...

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease that causes chronic pain and disability. Different innate immune components, including macrophages, T cells, and neutrophils, participate in OA pathophysiology. Neutrophils are the mos...

Around 285 million people worldwide currently have type 2 diabetes and it is projected that this number will be surpassed by 2030. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to enhance our comprehension of the disease’s development. The regulati...

Bone marrow is known as the site of hematopoiesis. What is not being described in textbooks of immunology is the fact that bone marrow is not only a generative, but also an antigen-responsive, immune organ. It is also a major storage site for antigen...

Inflammation is considered a natural reaction of the immune system that can be caused by several factors such as pathogens, chemical substances, and damaged cells. Since the classical era, therapeutic substances have been made from medicinal plants....

Liver fibrosis is a complex, dynamic process associated with a broad spectrum of chronic liver diseases and acute liver failure, characterised by the dysregulated intrahepatic production of extracellular matrix proteins replacing functional liver cel...

The immune system’s ability to detect and eliminate transformed cells is a critical factor in suppressing cancer development. However, immune surveillance in tumors is often disrupted by various immune escape mechanisms, many of which remain po...

Pandemics in the last two centuries have been initiated by causal pathogens that include Severe Acute Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Influenza (e.g., the H1N1 pandemic of 2009). The latter is considered to have initiated two prior pandemics in 1918 a...

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women and is a leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Despite the available treatment options, such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, endocrine therapy and molecular targeted the...

Honey and other bee products, including propolis, royal jelly, and bee pollen, are widely recognized for their medicinal properties. Among their numerous biological activities, their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects have gained signific...

A severe consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection that manifests as systemic inflammation and multi-organ involvement is called Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). This review examines the possible relationship between gut barrier integ...

Since the momentous discovery of X-rays, high-dose radiotherapy (H-XRT) has been a cornerstone for combating cancer. The high-energy electromagnetic waves induce direct damage to tumor-cells’ DNA, thereby halting cell growth and proliferation,...

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) is a multifunctional cytokine protein acknowledged as a vital mediator in cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival. Additionally, TNF-α is a crucial component of the host’s defense by m...

Systemic autoimmune diseases (SAIDs) affect millions worldwide, presenting significant clinical challenges due to their complex pathogenesis and limited treatment options. Traditional immunosuppressive therapies, while effective, often lack precision...

COVID-19 has presented itself as a challenging task to medical teams and researchers throughout the world, since the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 started in the Chinese city of Wuhan. To this day, there are still new variants emerging, and the knowledge ab...

The production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as adipocyte differentiation and fat accumulation in the 3T3-L1 mouse embryo fibroblast cell line and the human monocytic cell line THP-1 were measured to determine the anti-...

The aim of this review was to gather pieces of information from available critically evaluated published articles concerning any interplay in which the spleen could be involved. For many years, the spleen has been alleged as an unnecessary biological...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has had a global impact and resulted in millions of deaths worldwide. The course of the Janus kinase signaling transducers and activators (JAK-STAT) pathway is an important molecu...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic and progressive dysmetabolic condition related to several complications, including cardiovascular disease, whose incidence is increasing worldwide. Sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i)...

DENV belongs to the Flaviviridae family and possesses a single-stranded RNA genome of positive polarity. DENV infection manifests in mild subclinical forms or severe forms that may be dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Des...

In terms of the global burden of disease, helminthiasis is the most common infectious disease in the world. In response to the disease, the human host develops an immunological response that occurs predominantly through the action of T helper 2 (Th2)...

Macrophages are myeloid phagocytic leukocytes whose functions are to protect against infections, mediate T-cell responses, and maintain tissue homeostasis. IL-12p40 monomer is a cytokine that is largely produced by macrophages, and it has, for the lo...

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is one of the most intricate immune therapies used for patients with hematological diseases or immune disorders. In addition to the inherent immunosuppression from their primary condition, many of these patient...

Bovine brucellosis and neosporosis are reported as potential abortifacient infections in cattle worldwide. Brucellosis is additionally a zoonotic bacterial infection caused by numerous Brucella species. Meanwhile, neosporosis is a protozoan parasitic...

Resveratrol and its derivative piceid exhibit a wide spectrum of health-promoting bioactivities. A resveratrol-enriched variety of Dongjin rice (DJ526) has been developed by transfection of a resveratrol biosynthesis gene, and increased resveratrol c...

Social behavior restrictions, social distancing, and promotion of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during the COVID-19 pandemic have significantly reduced the incidence of many epidemic infections in the world, especially in children. Resurges...

COVID-19 is a viral disease that has caused millions of deaths around the world since 2020. Many strategies have been developed to manage patients in critical conditions; however, comprehension of the immune system is a key factor in viral clearance,...

The impact of pre-existing common cold coronavirus (CCCoV) antibodies (Abs) on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immune responses and pathogenesis remains poorly defined. We evaluated these associations in a cohort of hospi...

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic ignited global efforts to rapidly develop testing, therapeutics, and vaccines. However, the rewards of these efforts were slow to reach many low- to middle-income countries (LMIC) across the African continent and globally. The...

Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) is a debilitating cutaneous disease characterized by a vicious cycle of chronic inflammation and tissue destruction that stems from disruption of the skin microbiome and abnormal activation of both the innate and adaptiv...

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a multifaceted inflammatory disorder characterized by distinct immunopathogenic entities, including type 2 inflammation mediated by cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13. These cy...

Recent advances in organoid technology have revolutionized cancer biology and therapeutic interventions, offering personalized immunotherapy treatment. Organoids, three-dimensional cell cultures derived from patient tumors, accurately replicate the t...

Background. Several research findings suggest that sodium–glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT1) is implicated in the progression and control of infections and inflammation processes at the pulmonary level. Moreover, our previous works indicate an en...

PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) is a frequently lost tumor suppressor gene in prostate cancer, leading to aggressive tumor behavior and poor clinical outcomes. PTEN loss results in aberrant activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, promoting onc...

Vaccination is credited as a significant medical achievement contributing to the decline in morbidity and mortality of infectious diseases. Traditional vaccines composed of inactivated and live-attenuated whole pathogens confer the induction of poten...

Immunoglobulin-like transcript 4 (ILT4) is an immunosuppressive molecule predominantly expressed on myeloid cells. Recent studies combining ILT4 suppression with programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade have show...

Chemotherapy-refractive multiple myeloma (MM) is serious and life-threatening, and better treatments are urgently needed. BCMA is a prominent marker on the cell surface of MM cells, rendering it an accepted target for antibody therapy. Considering th...

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) poses treatment challenges, with treatment response and disease outcome often determined by the immune response, particularly mononuclear phagocytes. Monocytes can differentiate into various subpopulations influenced by AHR....

The persistent production of inflammatory cytokines causes anemia of chronic disease (ACD). Playing a central role in the pathophysiology of ACD is hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism. The regulation of hepcidin expression is a complex proce...

The immune system is inexperienced before birth and tends to be tolerogenic, rather than immunogenic. After birth, the adaptive immune system develops while facing microbial challenges, but it can become impaired as old age progresses and persistent...

IgG antibodies, particularly those of the IgG4 subclass, have generated significant debate regarding their role in immune tolerance versus food intolerance. This article comprehensively reviews the literature on the subject, exploring evidence from h...

The tumor microenvironment (TME) in advanced solid tumors is determined by immune checkpoints (PD-1, CTLA-4, and CD95) and cytokine networks (IL-2, IL-10, and TNF-α) that drive CD8+ T cell exhaustion, metabolic reprogramming, and apoptosis resi...

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder causing chronic inflammation primarily due to collagen regulation and transport imbalances. Collagen VII A1(COL7A1), a major component of anchoring fibrils, regulates inflammation via interacting wi...

In recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), peripheral and local immune cells are activated, decreasing the leukocyte tolerogenic response in the uterus and decidua. The aim was to examine the role of IL-17 in RPL critically. The study included genetic polymo...

Background and Aim: Monkeypox (Mpox) is a viral disease mainly found in central and western Africa, with symptoms similar to variola virus (smallpox) but distinguished by the early lymph node swelling specific to Mpox. This review summarizes the neur...

Exostosin 1 (EXT1) encodes a type II transmembrane glycosyltransferase residing in the endoplasmic reticulum and plays an essential role in the elongation of heparan sulfate chain biosynthesis. Additionally, EXT1 may act as an oncogene that could pro...

The metabolism of T-lymphocytes has recently emerged as a pivotal area of investigation, offering insights into the supra-genic modulations that can influence the genetic mechanisms underlying lymphocyte clustering processes. Furthermore, it has beco...

Dengue fever is currently a major global issue, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. The absence of specific antiviral medications supports alternative dengue treatment strategies. South Asian countries have been using Carica papaya leav...