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Biomarkers for Clinical Detection and Diagnosis of Acute and Chronic...
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Biomarkers for Clinical Detection and Diagnosis of Acute and Chronic Kidney Disease

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Nephrology & Urology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2024 | Viewed by 1466

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Paolo Monardo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Papardo Hospital, Contrada Papardo, 98158 Messina, Italy
Interests: chronic kidney disease; acute kidney injury; biomarkers; hemodialysis; immune disfunction in uremic patients; oxidative stress in dialysis; sepsis; septic shock and blood purification
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the nephrological field, we are waiting for new biomarkers to fill the void caused by serum creatinine and urine output, characterized by low sensitivity and specificity, to detect renal damage early on. In recent decades, several studies have improved the knowledge surrounding the physiopathology of several renal diseases, with a better diagnosis and therapeutic management of acute (AKI) and chronic kidney diseases (CKD). AKI, as part of sepsis and related to a high mortality rate, is appropriately treated if precociously revealed. In this context, several biomarkers have been proposed, such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) or the product of the two G1 cell-cycle inhibitors: tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7); however, further studies must validate these biomarkers for their use in the clinical practice. Moreover, a precocious detection of AKI is the starting point for preventing the transition from AKI to chronic damage, which is now becoming evident both in clinical and experimental settings, with an irreversible loss of organ function. Inflammation, tubule-interstitial injury, and fibrosis are the main processes characterizing this condition, and a better understanding of these mechanisms associated with the discovery of blood and urinary AKI-to-CKD biomarkers could improve the early identification of AKI patients with a higher risk of CKD progression, representing a new challenge for nephrologists. Recently, new therapeutic strategies involving CKD patients, such as sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists, act not only at renal levels on tubular dysfunction and fibrosis but also on the well-known cross-talk between the kidney and distant organs, such as the heart. Renal prognostic biomarkers, revealing the effects of these drugs, could improve the personalization of the treatment and its outcomes.

This Special Issue aims to present original research (e.g., randomized controlled trials, cohort studies), literature reviews, and meta-analyses, to improve our understanding of renal biomarkers in acute, subacute, and chronic diseases.

Dr. Paolo Monardo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • renal biomarkers
  • acute kidney injury
  • chronic kidney disease
  • liquid kidney biopsy
  • renal omics
  • cardio-renal syndrome
  • AKI-CKD transition
  • tubulo-interstitial injury

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 1376 KiB  
Article
Urine Nephrin and Podocalyxin Reflecting Podocyte Damage and Severity of Kidney Disease in Various Glomerular Diseases—A Cross-Sectional Study
by Panagiota Giannou, Harikleia Gakiopoulou, Emelina Stambolliu, Dimitrios Petras, Aglaia Chalkia, Athanasia Kapota, Kostas Palamaris, Emilia Hadziyannis, Konstantinos Thomas, Zoe Alexakou, Margarita Bora, Theodoros Mintzias, Dimitrios Vassilopoulos, Eustratios Patsouris and Melanie Deutsch
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(12), 3432; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13123432 - 12 Jun 2024
Viewed by 504
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Glomerulopathy is a term used to describe a broad spectrum of renal diseases, characterized by dysfunction of glomerular filtration barrier, especially of podocytes. Several podocyte-associated proteins have been found and proved their usefulness as urine markers of podocyte dysfunction. Two of them [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Glomerulopathy is a term used to describe a broad spectrum of renal diseases, characterized by dysfunction of glomerular filtration barrier, especially of podocytes. Several podocyte-associated proteins have been found and proved their usefulness as urine markers of podocyte dysfunction. Two of them are nephrin (NEP) and prodocalyxin (PDC). This study aims to evaluate the association of podocyte damage, as it is demonstrated via the concentrations of urinary proteins, with clinical and histological data from patients with several types of glomerulonephritis. Methods: We measured urine levels of two podocyte-specific markers, NEP and PDC (corrected for urine creatinine levels), in patients with a wide range of glomerulopathies. Serum and urine parameters as well as histological parameters from renal biopsy were recorded. Results: In total, data from 37 patients with glomerulonephritis and 5 healthy controls were analyzed. PDC and NEP concentrations correlated between them and with serum creatinine levels (p = 0.001 and p = 0.013 respectively), and with histological lesions associated with chronicity index of renal cortex, such as severe interstitial fibrosis, severe tubular atrophy and hyalinosis (for PDC/NEP, all p < 0.05). In addition, the PDC and NEP demonstrated statistically significant correlations with interstitial inflammation (p = 0.018/p = 0.028). Regarding electron microscopy evaluation, PDC levels were correlated with distinct characteristics, such as fibrils and global podocyte foot process fusion, whereas the NEP/CR ratio was uniquely significantly associated with podocyte fusion only in non-immune-complex-mediated glomerulonephritis (p = 0.02). Among the other clinical and histological parameters included in our study, a strong correlation between proteinuria >3 g/24 h and diffuse fusion of podocyte foot processes (p = 0.016) was identified. Conclusions: Podocalyxin and nephrin concentrations in urine are markers of podocyte dysfunction, and in our study, they were associated both with serum creatinine and histological chronicity indices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers for Clinical Detection and Diagnosis of Acute and Chronic Kidney Disease)
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12 pages, 4028 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Seven Equations for Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate and Their Impact on Chronic Kidney Disease Categorization in Korean Patients at Local Clinics and Hospitals
by Rihwa Choi, Sang Gon Lee and Eun Hee Lee
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(7), 1945; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13071945 - 27 Mar 2024
Viewed by 727
Abstract
(1) Background: Accurate estimation of the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is essential for the early detection of chronic kidney disease (CKD), targeted interventions, and ongoing monitoring. Although various equations for calculating eGFR exist, comparative studies on eGFR levels and the impact of these [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Accurate estimation of the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is essential for the early detection of chronic kidney disease (CKD), targeted interventions, and ongoing monitoring. Although various equations for calculating eGFR exist, comparative studies on eGFR levels and the impact of these equations on CKD prevalence are limited in the Korean population. (2) Methods: We compared eGFR levels calculated using seven equations and investigated the prevalence of CKD through a retrospective analysis of the data from Korean adult patients who visited local clinics and hospitals and underwent simultaneous serum creatinine (Cr) and cystatin C (Cys-C) measurements. The equations analyzed were: 2006 MDRD, 2009 CKD-EPI Cr, 2012 CKD-EPI Cys-C, 2012 CKD-EPI Cr & Cys-C, 2021 CKD-EPI Cr, 2021 CKD-EPI Cr & Cys-C, and 2021 EKFC. (3) Results: This study included 6688 Korean patients (3736 men and 2952 women; median age: 61.4; IQR: 47.2–73.4). Among the equations, the median eGFR levels were the highest when using the 2021 CKD-EPI Cr & Cys-C equation (85.1 mL/min/1.73 m2) and the lowest when using the 2006 MDRD equation (73.4 mL/min/1.73 m2). The highest prevalence of decreased eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (equivalent to or worse than G3a CKD) was noted with the 2012 CKD-EPI Cys-C equation (32.4%), while the lowest was with the 2021 CKD-EPI Cr equation (22.9%), resulting in a maximum prevalence difference of 9.5%. (4) Conclusions: The prevalence of CKD varies based on the eGFR equation used and the patient’s age. Equations that include Cys-C may identify a larger number of patients with decreased kidney function. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers for Clinical Detection and Diagnosis of Acute and Chronic Kidney Disease)
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