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Clinical Updates in Endodontics
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Clinical Updates in Endodontics

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 14825

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Zhongchun Tong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
Interests: endodontics; apical periodontitis; minimal invasive endodontic; root canal preparation; root canal sealer; Enterococcus faecalis; endocrown; computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing; pulp cell
Dr. Jingjing Quan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
Interests: endodontics; apical periodontitis; minimally invasive endodontics; osteoblast; osteoclast; MCP-1

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Endodontics is a multifaceted specialty, with much emphasis on how cases are clinically treated. The scope of this Special Issue titled “Clinical Updates in Endodontics” ranges from the aetiology of pulpal and periapical diseases to their treatment, including root canal preparation, root canal irrigation, root canal obturation, studies of novel materials, and the use of new techniques. Bacterial infection is the most common cause of pulpal and periradicular disease, and here we focus on the biological properties of dental pulp cells and periapical tissue cells stimulated by pathogenic bacteria. Practices have incorporated more refined canal cleaning and shaping techniques using ultrasonics and nickel titanium files. Many other advancements have also been introduced with the objective of achieving an optimal result during endodontic treatment.

This Special Issue aims to collect contributions from endodontic specialists who actively use the most innovative options for pulpal and periapical diseases in their own experimental and clinical work.

Dr. Zhongchun Tong
Dr. Jingjing Quan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • periapical periodontitis
  • pulpitis
  • root canal therapy
  • Enterococcus faecalis
  • osteoblasts
  • dental pulp stem cell
  • macrophages
  • root canal sealer

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 3985 KiB  
Article
Effect of Different Sealers on the Cytocompatibility and Osteogenic Potential of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells: An In Vitro Study
by Shehabeldin Saber, Shereen Raafat, Mohamed Elashiry, Ahmed El-Banna and Edgar Schäfer
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(6), 2344; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12062344 - 17 Mar 2023
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 1842
Abstract
Background: There is tendency for unavoidable sealer extrusion in some clinical cases. This might adversely affect host stem cells and affect healing. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different sealers on the cytocompatibility and osteogenic potential of human periodontal ligament stem [...] Read more.
Background: There is tendency for unavoidable sealer extrusion in some clinical cases. This might adversely affect host stem cells and affect healing. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different sealers on the cytocompatibility and osteogenic potential of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs). Methods: The cytotoxic effect of the extracted elutes of VDW.1Seal (VDW.1), Endosequence BC Sealer HiFlow (ES), GuttaFlow-2 (GF), and ADSeal (AD-S) on the hPDLSCs was determined using the MTT assay. Cell proliferation and migration were assessed by the scratch wound healing assay. Osteogenic differentiation potential was assessed. Measurement of pH values and calcium ions release was performed. Results: GF had a significantly higher percentage of viable cells. The cell migration assay showed that GF demonstrated the lowest open wound area percentage. GF and AD-S showed the highest calcium nodule deposition. GF demonstrated higher ALP activity than ES. Expression of RUNX2 and OC genes was similar for all sealers, while OPG gene expression was significantly higher for VDW.1 and GF. ES and AD-S displayed the highest pH values on day 1. Calcium ion release of ES and VDW.1 was significantly the highest. Conclusions: GuttaFlow-2 and VDW.1Seal sealers have favorable behavior toward host stem cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Updates in Endodontics)
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14 pages, 2848 KiB  
Article
Benefits and Challenges of the Use of Two Novel vB_Efa29212_2e and vB_Efa29212_3e Bacteriophages in Biocontrol of the Root Canal Enterococcus faecalis Infections
by Magdalena Moryl, Aleksandra Palatyńska-Ulatowska, Agnieszka Maszewska, Iwona Grzejdziak, Silvia Dias de Oliveira, Marieli Chitolina Pradebon, Liviu Steier, Antoni Różalski and Jose Antonio Poli de Figueiredo
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(21), 6494; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216494 - 1 Nov 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2417
Abstract
Bacteriophage therapy has emerged as a strategy supplementing traditional disinfection protocols to fight biofilms. The aim of the study was to isolate the phages against E. faecalis and to characterize its biological features, morphology, and lytic activity in a formed biofilm model. Methods: [...] Read more.
Bacteriophage therapy has emerged as a strategy supplementing traditional disinfection protocols to fight biofilms. The aim of the study was to isolate the phages against E. faecalis and to characterize its biological features, morphology, and lytic activity in a formed biofilm model. Methods: E. faecalis ATCC 29212 strain was used for the trial. Two novel vB_Efa29212_2e and vB_Efa29212_3e virulent phages were isolated from urban wastewater and characterized. The E. faecalis biofilm was established in 15 bovine teeth for 21 days. Transmission (TEM) and scanning electron (SEM) microscopes with the colony-forming unit (CFU) counting were used for assessment. Results: Isolated phages differed in morphology. Taxonomy for vB_Efa29212_2e (Siphoviridae, Efquatovirus) and for vB_Efa29212_3e (Herelleviridae, Kochikohdavirus) was confirmed. Both phages were stable at a temperature range of 4–50 °C and showed a different tolerance to chemicals: 15% EDTA, 1–3% sodium hypochlorite, and chlorhexidine. SEM analysis showed distortion of bacteria cells after phage inoculation, which proved the lytic activity against E. faecalis. A 54.6% reduction in the E. faecalis biofilm confirmed bacteriophage efficacy against isolates in the ex vivo model. Conclusions: Results strongly support the concept that phage therapy has a real therapeutic potential for the prevention and treatment of E. faecalis-associated infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Updates in Endodontics)
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12 pages, 4026 KiB  
Article
Caspase-1 Inhibition Reduces Occurrence of PANoptosis in Macrophages Infected by E. faecalis OG1RF
by Danlu Chi, Yuejiao Zhang, Xinwei Lin, Qimei Gong and Zhongchun Tong
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(20), 6204; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11206204 - 21 Oct 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2460
Abstract
To investigate the effect of caspase-1 inhibition on PANoptosis in macrophages infected with Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF. RAW264.7 cells with and without pretreatment by caspase-1 inhibitor were infected with E. faecalis OG1RF at multiplicities of infection (MOIs). A live cell imaging analysis system and [...] Read more.
To investigate the effect of caspase-1 inhibition on PANoptosis in macrophages infected with Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF. RAW264.7 cells with and without pretreatment by caspase-1 inhibitor were infected with E. faecalis OG1RF at multiplicities of infection (MOIs). A live cell imaging analysis system and Western blot were applied to evaluate the dynamic curve of cell death and the expression of executor proteins of PANoptosis. The mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-18 was quantified by RT-qPCR. Morphological changes were observed under scanning electron microscopy. We found that PI-positive cells emerged earlier and peaked at a faster rate in E. faecalis-infected macrophages (Ef-MPs) at higher MOIs. The expression of the N-terminal domain of the effector protein gasdermin D (GSDMD-N), cleaved caspase-3 and pMLKL were significantly upregulated at MOIs of 10:1 at 6 h and at MOI of 1:1 at 12 h postinfection. In Ef-MPs pretreated with caspase-1 inhibitor, the number of PI-positive cells was significantly reduced, and the expression of IL-1β and IL-18 genes and cleaved caspase-1/-3 and GSDMD-N proteins was significantly downregulated (p < 0.05), while pMLKL was still markedly increased (p < 0.05). Ef-MPs remained relatively intact with caspase-1 inhibitor. In conclusion, E. faecalis induced cell death in macrophages in an MOI-dependent manner. Caspase-1 inhibitor simultaneously inhibited pyroptosis and apoptosis in Ef-MPs, but necroptosis still occurred. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Updates in Endodontics)
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Review

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14 pages, 689 KiB  
Review
The Regulations of Essential WalRK Two-Component System on Enterococcus faecalis
by Junqi Zhang, Rong Fang, Qi Peng, Shizhou Wu and Lei Lei
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(3), 767; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12030767 - 18 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1887
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic bacterium that is highly adaptable to its environment. In humans, it can cause serious infections with biofilm formation. With increasing attention on its health threat, prevention and control of biofilm formation in [...] Read more.
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic bacterium that is highly adaptable to its environment. In humans, it can cause serious infections with biofilm formation. With increasing attention on its health threat, prevention and control of biofilm formation in E. faecalis have been observed. Many factors including polysaccharides as well as autolysis, proteases, and eDNA regulate biofilm formation. Those contributors are regulated by several important regulatory systems involving the two-component signal transduction system (TCS) for its adaptation to the environment. Highly conserved WalRK as one of 17 TCSs is the only essential TCS in E. faecalis. In addition to biofilm formation, various metabolisms, including cell wall construction, drug resistance, as well as interactions among regulatory systems and resistance to the host immune system, can be modulated by the WalRK system. Therefore, WalRK has been identified as a key target for E. faecalis infection control. In the present review, the regulation of WalRK on E. faecalis pathogenesis and associated therapeutic strategies are demonstrated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Updates in Endodontics)
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23 pages, 3922 KiB  
Review
Micro-CT Evaluation of Different Root Canal Irrigation Protocols on the Removal of Accumulated Hard Tissue Debris: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Ailin Liang, Luo Huang, Baoyu Li, Yihua Huang, Xiaoyan Zhou, Xufang Zhang and Qimei Gong
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(20), 6053; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11206053 - 13 Oct 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2113
Abstract
Accumulated hard tissue debris (AHTD) is an inevitable by-product during endodontic treatment and is difficult to remove completely using traditional syringe and needle irrigation (SNI). Adjunctive irrigation is proposed to assist the clean-up of AHTD. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate [...] Read more.
Accumulated hard tissue debris (AHTD) is an inevitable by-product during endodontic treatment and is difficult to remove completely using traditional syringe and needle irrigation (SNI). Adjunctive irrigation is proposed to assist the clean-up of AHTD. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the AHTD removal efficacy of different root canal irrigation devices using micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT). A literature search was carried out within the main scientific databases until 20 June 2022. All results were screened with detailed eligibility criteria. Eleven studies were included for analysis. SNI, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), negative pressure systems, sonically activated irrigation (SAI), mechanical-activated system and laser-activated irrigation (LAI) were assessed. PUI is superior to SNI for debris removal and LAI has better AHTD removal performance than PUI. The negative pressure system and mechanical-activated system were proved to be less effective. Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42021273892). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Updates in Endodontics)
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16 pages, 957 KiB  
Review
Immunoglobulin Disorders and the Oral Cavity: A Narrative Review
by Maja Ptasiewicz, Dominika Bębnowska, Paulina Małkowska, Olga Sierawska, Agata Poniewierska-Baran, Rafał Hrynkiewicz, Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej, Ewelina Grywalska and Renata Chałas
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(16), 4873; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11164873 - 19 Aug 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2991
Abstract
The oral mucosa is a mechanical barrier against the penetration and colonization of microorganisms. Oral homeostasis is maintained by congenital and adaptive systems in conjunction with normal oral flora and an intact oral mucosa. Components contributing to the defense of the oral cavity [...] Read more.
The oral mucosa is a mechanical barrier against the penetration and colonization of microorganisms. Oral homeostasis is maintained by congenital and adaptive systems in conjunction with normal oral flora and an intact oral mucosa. Components contributing to the defense of the oral cavity include the salivary glands, innate antimicrobial proteins of saliva, plasma proteins, circulating white blood cells, keratinocyte products of the oral mucosa, and gingival crevicular fluid. General disturbances in the level of immunoglobulins in the human body may be manifested as pathological lesions in the oral mucosa. Symptoms of immunoglobulin-related general diseases such as mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP), pemphigus vulgaris (PV), linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD), Epidermolysis Bullosa Aquisita (EBA), and Hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES) may appear in the oral cavity. In this review, authors present selected diseases associated with immunoglobulins in which the lesions appear in the oral cavity. Early detection and treatment of autoimmune diseases, sometimes showing a severe evolution (e.g., PV), allow the control of their dissemination and involvement of skin or other body organs. Immunoglobulin disorders with oral manifestations are not common, but knowledge, differentiation and diagnosis are essential for proper treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Updates in Endodontics)
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